Fat Metabolism During Exercise: A Review. Part I: Fatty Acid Mobilization and Muscle Metabolism

Jeukendrup, A. E.; Saris, W.H.M.; Wagenmakers, Anton J. M.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-971911

Cited by 110 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…During aerobic exercise, skeletal muscle mainly relies on carbohydrate and fatty acids for energy (15,16). Enhanced utilization of fatty acids is thought to reduce carbohydrate utilization and to result in greater endurance capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tea catechin ingestion combined with habitual exercise suppresses the aging-associated decline in physical performance in senescence-accelerated mice

Murase¹,

Haramizu²,

Ota³

et al. 2008

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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echins, which are abundant in green tea, possess a variety of biologic actions, and their clinical application has been extensively investigated. In this study, we examined the effects of tea catechins and regular exercise on the aging-associated decline in physical performance in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP1) and agematched senescence-accelerated resistant mice (SAMR1). The endurance capacity of SAMR1 mice, measured as the running time to exhaustion, tended to increase over the 8-wk experimental period, whereas that of SAMP1 mice decreased by 17%. On the other hand, the endurance capacity of SAMP1 mice fed 0.35% (wt/wt) catechins remained at the initial level and was significantly higher than that of SAMP1 mice not fed catechins. In SAMP1 mice fed catechins and given exercise, oxygen consumption was significantly increased, and there was an increase in skeletal muscle fatty acid ␤-oxidation. The mRNA levels of mitochondria-related molecules, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-␥ coactivator-1, cytochrome c oxidase-II, III, and IV in skeletal muscle were also higher in SAMP1 mice given both catechins and exercise. Moreover, oxidative stress measured as thiobarbituric reactive substances was lower in SAMP1 groups fed catechins than in the SAMP1 control group. These results suggest that long-term intake of catechins, together with habitual exercise, is beneficial for suppressing the aging-related decline in physical performance and energy metabolism and that these effects are due, at least in part, to improved mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. energy metabolism; exercise; green tea; mitochondria; oxidative stress MARKED DECLINE IN PHYSICAL performance with increasing age is a crucial problem in our aging society. As people age, skeletal muscle mass and strength decrease, fatty acid metabolism changes, physical activity declines, and body fat mass increases, which results in an increased incidence of lifestylerelated diseases, bed rest, and other morbidities (31). These aging-related alterations are assumed to be associated with changes in the expression and activity of muscular mitochondria-related molecules, such as cytochrome c oxidases (COXs), electron transfer chain enzymes, and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-␥ coactivator-1 (PGC-1), which mediate mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism and myosin heavy chain (2, 6, 31). In addition, these molecules are thought to mediate exercise-induced transient or chronic metabolic responses.Because some aging-related increases in obesity, lifestylerelated diseases, and physical impairment are caused by a lack of exercise and irregular eating habits, regular exercise and dietary improvements are recommended for their prevention (24, 36). Thus, many attempts have been made to maintain/ improve physical performance and to suppress lifestyle-related diseases by nutritional and physical means (41, 42); however, their efficacy and practicality are limited and remain controversial (12, 17).Green tea, one of the most popula...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tea catechin ingestion combined with habitual exercise suppresses the aging-associated decline in physical performance in senescence-accelerated mice

Murase¹,

Haramizu²,

Ota³

et al. 2008

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…Boesch et al (2) revealed a decrease of IMCL in one subject performing a mountain bike ride over 3 h at about 70% of VO 2max , for the first time using 1 H-MRS to demonstrate that IMCL are metabolized during this form of exercise. In the following years, numerous reports on reduced IMCL levels during exercise were published and reviewed (17,20,(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49). It became obvious that both exercise duration and intensity are important factors in determining the reduction of IMCL (39).…”

Section: Various Other Influences Upon Imcl Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism

et al. 2006

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1 H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) became particularly important when it was recognized that IMCL levels are related to insulin sensitivity. While this relation is rather complex and depends on the training status of the subjects, various other influences such as exercise and diet also influence IMCL concentrations. This may open insight into many metabolic interactions; however, it also requires careful planning of studies in order to control all these confounding influences. This review summarizes various historical, methodological, and practical aspects of 1 H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) of muscular lipids. That includes a differentiation of bulk magnetic susceptibility effects and residual dipolar coupling that can both be observed in MRS of skeletal muscle, yet affecting different metabolites in a specific way. Fitting of the intra-(IMCL) and extramyocellular (EMCL) signals with complex line shapes and the transformation into absolute concentrations is discussed. Since the determination of IMCL in muscle groups with oblique fiber orientation or in obese subjects is still difficult, potential improvement with high-resolution spectroscopic imaging or at higher field strength is considered. Fat selective imaging is presented as a possible alternative to MRS and the potential of multinuclear MRS is discussed. 1 H-MRS of muscle lipids allows non-invasive and repeated studies of muscle metabolism that lead to highly relevant findings in clinics and patho-physiology.

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“…Skeletal muscle mainly catabolizes fat and carbohydrates as sources of energy during exercise. 26,27) Furthermore, the enhanced availability of NEFA causes greater fat metabolism in the muscles, which in turn decreases carbohydrate utilization and leads to increased endurance capacity. 28) Since LMF was found to promote fat utilization in the sedentary state and improve endurance capacity (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anti-fatigue Effects of the Low-Molecular-Weight Fraction of Bonito Extract in Mice

Nozawa

Yamada

Okabe

et al. 2009

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Bonito extract (BE), a hot-water extract of bonito muscle, has traditionally been considered as a folk remedy for fatigue. In this study we investigated the effects of BE on physical fatigue. BE was divided into, high, mid, and low-molecular-weight fractions (LMF), to explore the effectiveness of BE compounds. The swimming times to exhaustion of mice administered 0.86 g/kg BE and those administered 0.86 g/kg LMF were significantly longer than those of the vehicle-treated mice in a forced swimming model, indicating that BE possesses an anti-fatigue effect and that the LMF contributes to this effect. The LMF was also confirmed to aid the recovery of locomotor activity after physical fatigue in a forced walking model. We also examined respiratory gas levels and found that oxygen consumption and lipid oxidation were significantly greater in the group administered LMF than in the vehicle group, indicating that LMF promotes the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source. To elucidate why the mice administered LMF showed an anti-fatigue effect, we evaluated metabolic variables during exercise. The concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and ketone bodies were higher, whereas serum and muscle lactic acid levels were lower in the mice administered LMF than in those in the vehicle group after the start of swimming. When the results were taken as a group they indicated that the effect of BE administration on improving endurance capacity was mediated, at least partly, by an increased utilization of lipids as a source of energy during exercise.Key words bonito extract; fatigue; endurance capacity; locomotor activity; respiratory gas Biol. Pharm. Bull. 32(3) 468-474 (2009) © 2009 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan * To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: yoshizu_nozawa@ajinomoto.com (LMF), using an NTU-3250 membrane filter (Nitto Denko Co., Osaka, Japan) and a Prep/Scale TFF Cartridge PLC (Millipore Co., MA, U.S.A.). The HMF was prepared by fractionation from BE using a membrane with a molecular pore size of 6000. LMF and MMF were obtained by separation of BE after the HMF had been removed using a membrane with a molecular pore size of 1000. The HMF was dried and the amount of HMF in the BE was calculated. As the drying of MMF and LMF was difficult, the amount of LMF was calculated from the ratio of free amino acid content in the LMF to that in BE. The amount of the MMF was calculated by subtracting the total amount of LMF and HMF from BE. Because all free amino acids in BE was almost concentrated into the LMF after the fractionation. The amounts of the HMF, MMF, and LMF in BE were 10.4%, 25.9%, and 63.7%, respectively. After the three fractions were prepared, we confirmed that the HMF and MMF fractions had almost no free amino acids, organic acids, minerals, or nucleic acids.Forced Swimming Model (Experiment 1) We used an adjustable-current water pool to evaluate the effect of BE and fractionated BE on physical fatigue. The details of this apparatus were described previously.10,11) Briefly, we used an ...

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Fat Metabolism During Exercise: A Review. Part I: Fatty Acid Mobilization and Muscle Metabolism

Cited by 110 publications

References 69 publications

Tea catechin ingestion combined with habitual exercise suppresses the aging-associated decline in physical performance in senescence-accelerated mice

Tea catechin ingestion combined with habitual exercise suppresses the aging-associated decline in physical performance in senescence-accelerated mice

Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism

The Anti-fatigue Effects of the Low-Molecular-Weight Fraction of Bonito Extract in Mice

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