Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit

O’Donovan, Gary; Thomas, E. Louise; McCarthy, John P.; Fitzpatrick, Julie; Durighel, Giuliana; Mehta, Sanjeev; Morin, S.H.X.; Goldstone, Anthony P.; Bell, Jimmy D.

doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.189

Cited by 47 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity is also well documented [43], and it is plausible that men who are fat and fit have a greater capacity than men who are fat and unfit to store excess fat in insulin-sensitive adipose tissue rather than the viscera or the liver. Indeed, fatness (waist girth, centimeters) and fitness (VO 2 max, milliliters per kilogram FFM per minute) were independently associated with insulin resistance (HOMA) in the present study; and we have previously reported that visceral fat and liver fat were lower in men who were fat and fit than those who were fat and unfit [44]. Visceral fat is associated with dyslipidemia [9], and it is noteworthy that HDL-C and triglycerides were significantly different in men who were fat and fit and those who were fat and unfit.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged white men

et al. 2012

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The objective was to test the hypothesis that traditional and novel cardiometabolic risk factors would be significantly different in groups of men of different fatness and fitness.Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, fibrinogen, and insulin resistance were assessed in 183 nonsmoking white men aged 35 to 53 years, including 62 who were slim and fit (waist girth ≤90 cm and maximal oxygen consumption [VO 2 max] above average), 24 who were slim and unfit (waist girth ≤90 cm and VO 2 max average or below), 39 who were fat and fit (waist girth ≥100 cm and VO 2 max above average), and 19 who were fat and unfit (waist girth ≥100 cm and VO 2 max average or below). Seventy-six percent gave blood on 2 occasions, and the average of 1 or 2 blood tests was used in statistical tests. Waist girth (centimeters) and fitness (milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of fat-free mass) were associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, and insulin resistance after adjustment for age, saturated fat intake, and total energy intake. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, and insulin resistance were significantly different in men who were fat and fit and those who were fat and unfit. These data suggest that differences in lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, liver function, and insulin resistance may explain why the risks of chronic disease are lower in men who are fat and fit than those who are fat and unfit. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. IntroductionObesity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus [1,2]; however, the risks of chronic disease are lower in obese men with moderate to high levels of aerobic fitness [3,4]. Total cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and other traditional risk factors may not explain why the risks of chronic disease are lower in men who are fat and fit than men who are fat and unfit [3]. Therefore, we assessed traditional [5] and novel [6,7] cardiometabolic risk factors in the present study, including adipokines [7], markers of inflammation [6][7][8][9], and markers of liver damage [10][11][12]. We hypothesized that fatness and fitness would be related to cardiometabolic risk factors, and we hypothesized that traditional and novel risk factors would be significantly different in groups of different fatness and

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged white men

et al. 2012

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“…Indeed, the phenotype of metabolically healthy obese individuals, as mentioned previously, has reduced fat in the liver (80,90) . Fabbrini et al…”

Section: Obesity In Lean Tissue -The Problem Of Ectopic Fatmentioning

confidence: 75%

Excess body fat in obese and normal-weight subjects

et al. 2012

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Excess body adiposity, especially abdominal obesity and ectopic fat accumulation, are key risk factors in the development of a number of chronic diseases. The advent of in vivo imaging methodologies that allow direct assessment of total body fat and its distribution have been pivotal in this process. They have helped to identify a number of sub-phenotypes in the general population whose metabolic risk factors are not commensurate with their BMI. At least two such sub-phenotypes have been identified: subjects with normal BMI, but excess intraabdominal (visceral) fat (with or without increased ectopic fat) and subjects with elevated BMI (. 25 kg/m 2 ) but low visceral and ectopic fat. The former sub-phenotype is associated with adverse metabolic profiles, while the latter is associated with a metabolically normal phenotype, despite a high BMI. Here, examples of these phenotypes are presented and the value of carrying out enhanced phenotypical characterisation of subjects in interventional studies discussed.

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“…However, both groups had mean baseline IHCL concentrations within the normal range (34), making it more difficult to achieve a significant reduction in what were already relatively low levels of liver fat. This may also in part explain why no significant changes in biochemical markers of liver function (AST, ALT, and cGT concentrations) were found in this study.…”

Section: Original Article Obesitymentioning

confidence: 95%

The impact of oligofructose on stimulation of gut hormones, appetite regulation and adiposity

Daud

Ismail

Thomas

et al. 2014

Obesity

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Objective: To investigate the effect of nutrient stimulation of gut hormones by oligofructose supplementation on appetite, energy intake (EI), body weight (BW) and adiposity in overweight and obese volunteers. Methods: In a parallel, single-blind and placebo-controlled study, 22 healthy overweight and obese volunteers were randomly allocated to receive 30 g day 21 oligofructose or cellulose for 6 weeks following a 2-week run-in. Subjective appetite and side effect scores, breath hydrogen, serum short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), plasma gut hormones, glucose and insulin concentrations, EI, BW and adiposity were quantified at baseline and post-supplementation. Results: Oligofructose increased breath hydrogen (P < 0.0001), late acetate concentrations (P 5 0.024), tended to increase total area under the curve (tAUC) 420mins peptide YY (PYY) (P 5 0.056) and reduced tAUC 450mins hunger (P 5 0.034) and motivation to eat (P 5 0.013) when compared with cellulose. However, there was no significant difference between the groups in other parameters although within group analyses showed an increase in glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (P 5 0.006) in the cellulose group and a decrease in EI during ad libitum meal in both groups. Conclusions: Oligofructose increased plasma PYY concentrations and suppressed appetite, while cellulose increased GLP-1 concentrations. EI decreased in both groups. However, these positive effects did not translate into changes in BW or adiposity.

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Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit

Cited by 47 publications

References 42 publications

Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged white men

Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged white men

Excess body fat in obese and normal-weight subjects

The impact of oligofructose on stimulation of gut hormones, appetite regulation and adiposity

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