Fat areas on the extremities in normal weight and overweight children and adolescents: Comparison between age-related and weight-related changes in adiposity

Ohzeki, Takehiko; Hanaki, Keiichi; Tsukuda, Toshinori; Urashima, Hirofumi; Ohtahara, Hiroko; Tanaka, Yousuke; Nagaishi, Jun-ichi; Shiraki, Kazuo

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6300(1996)8:4<427::aid-ajhb2>3.0.co;2-v

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Regarding the differences between groups, hip girth was significantly higher in the NWF than in the NWM but not in the overweight/obese group. These results are similar to those found in previous research, in which females had a greater accumulation of peripheral fat in the limbs or hips [ 90 , 91 ]. However, in obese individuals, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may be overly sensitive, breaking the balance between the lipogenic and lipolytic effects of the hormones related to fat accumulation, cortisol, and insulin may be the reason why no differences were found between OWM and OWF [ 5 , 90 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The Importance of Healthy Habits to Compensate for Differences between Adolescent Males and Females in Anthropometric, Psychological and Physical Fitness Variables

et al. 2022

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Adolescence is a crucial stage in human development, and differences in psychological, physical and body composition variables between males and females have been amply demonstrated. However, the role played by certain healthy habits, such as the practice of physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (AMD) or the maintenance of an adequate weight status, in compensating for the differences found between males and females in these variables, is not well known. For this reason, the study aimed to analyze whether the practice of physical activity, optimal AMD, and adequate weight status can compensate for the differences between adolescent males and females in anthropometric variables, psychological state, and physical fitness. The sample was composed of 791 adolescents (404 males and 387 females) aged twelve to sixteen years old, whose anthropometric, psychological (autonomy, competence, relatedness, and life satisfaction), and physical fitness variables (cardiorespiratory fitness, upper strength and explosive lower limb power, hamstring and lower back flexibility, and speed) were measured. All measurements were carried out in a single day using the sports pavilion of the four participating schools. The most novel results of this research show that the practice of physical activity was determinant mainly in females, as it reduced the differences found in comparison with males in psychological (p < 0.001–0.045) and anthropometric variables (p < 0.001). Regarding weight status and AMD, these were still relevant for the adolescent population, mainly the achievement of optimal AMD, but males continued to present higher values in physical fitness tests (p < 0.001) and lower values in fat accumulation (p < 0.001), regardless of weight status or AMD. Thus, physical activity seems to be the most determining factor that compensates for the differences between adolescent boys and girls.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The Importance of Healthy Habits to Compensate for Differences between Adolescent Males and Females in Anthropometric, Psychological and Physical Fitness Variables

et al. 2022

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“…This difference is likely to be due to the difference in body composition, that is, the percent body fat, between male and female adolescents. Females, especially during adolescence, show a higher body fat mass than males(18, 19). Nakanishi et al (19) reported that the increased body fat mass and enhanced insulin resistance in pubertal females were associated with higher leptin levels in these subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Insulin Resistance during Puberty in Non-obese Japanese Children

Morimoto

Urakami

2011

Clin Pediatr Endocrinol

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We examined whether non-obese Japanese children without diabetes exhibited insulin resistance during puberty. The study subjects were 201 Japanese school students, consisting 95 males and 106 females, aged 11.5 ± 2.6 yr. None of the subjects were obese, with the mean percent of overweight being 0.7 ± 10.5%, or had diabetes at the time of the study. Overnight fasting plasma values of insulin (FIRI) and HOMA-R were measured, with concomitant measurement of the plasma glucose (FPG) levels. The mean FPG, FIRI and HOMA-R values were 89.6 ± 7.3 (70–109) mg/dl, 9.0 ± 3.6 (1.7–24.4) µU/ml and 2.0 ± 0.9 (0.3–5.2), respectively. The mean FIRI value was significantly higher in females than in males (8.3 ± 3.4 vs. 9.6 ± 3.7 µU/ml, p=0.0060). The FIRI and HOMA-R values of the pubertal students were significantly higher compared with those of the prepubertal students (FIRI, 10.0 ± 3.4 vs. 6.5 ± 2.8 µU/ml; HOMA-R, 2.3 ± 0.8 vs. 1.4 ± 0.7; p<0.0001 for both). Similar trends were observed between the two genders. The mean FIRI levels and HOMA-R values were positively correlated with age (FIRI, r=0.280, p<0.0001; HOMA-R, r=0.300, p<0.0001). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the FIRI and HOMA-R values were significantly associated with pubertal development in non-obese Japanese children without diabetes, consistent with the results of studies in white and black children.

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“…Therefore, a simple measurement of the external circumference cannot precisely represent this kind of inner fibrotic replacement. Furthermore, adiposity can be affected by anatomical location and sex 58 ; the larger is the area of the involved subcutaneous fat compartment in an individual patient, the greater can be the discrepancy between the inner change and external limb circumference. Taking the above findings into consideration, a lower correlation of the four indices with the SCDR might be expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep learning-based quantitative estimation of lymphedema-induced fibrosis using three-dimensional computed tomography images

Son

Lee

Kim

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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In lymphedema, proinflammatory cytokine-mediated progressive cascades always occur, leading to macroscopic fibrosis. However, no methods are practically available for measuring lymphedema-induced fibrosis before its deterioration. Technically, CT can visualize fibrosis in superficial and deep locations. For standardized measurement, verification of deep learning (DL)-based recognition was performed. A cross-sectional, observational cohort trial was conducted. After narrowing window width of the absorptive values in CT images, SegNet-based semantic segmentation model of every pixel into 5 classes (air, skin, muscle/water, fat, and fibrosis) was trained (65%), validated (15%), and tested (20%). Then, 4 indices were formulated and compared with the standardized circumference difference ratio (SCDR) and bioelectrical impedance (BEI) results. In total, 2138 CT images of 27 chronic unilateral lymphedema patients were analyzed. Regarding fibrosis segmentation, the mean boundary F1 score and accuracy were 0.868 and 0.776, respectively. Among 19 subindices of the 4 indices, 73.7% were correlated with the BEI (partial correlation coefficient: 0.420–0.875), and 13.2% were correlated with the SCDR (0.406–0.460). The mean subindex of Index 2 $$\left( {\frac{{P_{Fibrosis\, in\, Affected} - P_{Fibrosis\, in\, Unaffected} }}{{P_{Limb\, in\, Unaffected} }}} \right)$$ P F i b r o s i s i n A f f e c t e d - P F i b r o s i s i n U n a f f e c t e d P L i m b i n U n a f f e c t e d presented the highest correlation. DL has potential applications in CT image-based lymphedema-induced fibrosis recognition. The subtraction-type formula might be the most promising estimation method.

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Fat areas on the extremities in normal weight and overweight children and adolescents: Comparison between age-related and weight-related changes in adiposity

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

The Importance of Healthy Habits to Compensate for Differences between Adolescent Males and Females in Anthropometric, Psychological and Physical Fitness Variables

The Importance of Healthy Habits to Compensate for Differences between Adolescent Males and Females in Anthropometric, Psychological and Physical Fitness Variables

Insulin Resistance during Puberty in Non-obese Japanese Children

Deep learning-based quantitative estimation of lymphedema-induced fibrosis using three-dimensional computed tomography images

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