Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance

Havemann, Lize; West, Sacha; Goedecke, Julia H.; Macdonald, I. A.; Gibson, Alan St Clair; Noakes, Timothy D.; Lambert, Estelle V.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00813.2005

Cited by 134 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Eight cyclists ingested either a LCD for seven days followed by a high carbohydrate diet on day eight or a high carbohydrate diet alone for eight days. During exercise, the RER values at rest and during exercise were decreased on the LCD and the corresponding blood data demonstrated increased plasma free fatty acid levels when compared to ingestion of a higher carbohydrate diet for 8 days [23]. These results represent specific examples demonstrating increased fat utilization at rest and during exercise with adaptation to a LCD, even when carbohydrate intake is restored.…”

Section: Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 65%

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Low-carbohydrate Diets and Performance

Cook¹,

Haub²

2007

Current Sports Medicine Reports

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Athletes are continually searching for means to optimize their performance. Within the past 20 years, athletes and scientists have reported and/or observed that consuming a carbohydrate restricted diet may improve performance. The original theories explaining the purported benefits centered on the fact that fat oxidation increases, thereby "sparing" muscle glycogen. More recent concepts that explain the plausibility of the ergogenicity of low carbohydrate, or high fat, diets on exercise performance pertain to an effect similar to altitude training. We and others have observed that, while fat oxidation may be increased, the ability to maintain high intensity exercise (e.g., above the lactate threshold) seems to be compromised or at least indifferent compared to when more carbohydrate was consumed.That said, clinical studies clearly demonstrate that ad-libitum low carbohydrate diets elicit greater decreases in body weight and fat than energy equivalent low fat diets, especially over a short duration. Thus, while low carbohydrate and high fat diets appear detrimental or indifferent relative to performance, they may be a faster means to achieve a more competitive body composition.

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Section: Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 65%

“…Havemann and colleagues [23] reported respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values after adaptation to a low carbohydrate, higher fat diet. Eight cyclists ingested either a LCD for seven days followed by a high carbohydrate diet on day eight or a high carbohydrate diet alone for eight days.…”

Section: Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Low-carbohydrate Diets and Performance

Cook¹,

Haub²

2007

Current Sports Medicine Reports

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“…A landmark study investigated the effect of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on a real-life simulation of sports performance which involved the completion of a 100 km cycling time trial during which subjects were required to complete "sprints" at intensities of >90% peak power output [77]. Although the overall result was a (non-significant) benefit of ~ 3 min in the control trial, the striking outcome was the observation that the cyclist's ability to exercise at higher intensities was impaired following the fat-adaptation strategy.…”

Section: Adaptation To High Fat Diets and Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance

Hamilton

Philp

et al. 2016

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

171

118

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Despite over 50 years of research, the field of sports nutrition continues to grow at a rapid rate. Whilst the traditional research focus was one that centred on strategies to maximize competition performance, emerging data in the last decade has demonstrated how both macronutrient and micronutrient availability can play a prominent role in regulating those cell signalling pathways that modulate skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance and resistance training. Nonetheless, in the context of exercise performance, it is clear that carbohydrate (but not fat) still remains king and that carefully chosen ergogenic aids (e.g. caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, nitrates) can all promote performance in the correct exercise setting. In relation to exercise training, however, it is now thought that strategic periods of reduced carbohydrate and elevated dietary protein intake may enhance training adaptations whereas high carbohydrate availability and antioxidant supplementation may actually attenuate training adaptation. Emerging evidence also suggests that vitamin D may play a regulatory role in muscle regeneration and subsequent hypertrophy following damaging forms of exercise. Finally, novel compounds (albeit largely examined in rodent models) such as epicatechins, nicotinamide riboside, resveratrol, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, phosphatidic acid and ursolic acid may also promote or attenuate skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance and strength training. When taken together, it is clear that sports nutrition is very much at the heart of the Olympic motto, Citius, Altius, Fortius (faster, higher, stronger).

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“…By analogy, fatty acid infusion elevates the input of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the energy substrate mix fueling muscle contractions (22, 48a, 49). Furthermore, chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) also enhances the use of FFAs in endurance exercise (8,9,25,29,(32)(33)(34)58). This is, at least partly, due to upregulation of rate-limiting steps in fat metabolic pathways.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-fat diet overrules the effects of training on fiber-specific intramyocellular lipid utilization during exercise

Proeyen

Szlufcik

Nielens

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, Deldicque L, Van Dyck R, Ramaekers M, Hespel P. High-fat diet overrules the effects of training on fiber-specific intramyocellular lipid utilization during exercise. J Appl Physiol 111: 108 -116, 2011. First published May 5, 2011 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01459.2010In this study, we compared the effects of endurance training in the fasted state (F) vs. the fed state [ample carbohydrate intake (CHO)] on exercise-induced intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and glycogen utilization during a 6-wk period of a hypercaloric (ϳϩ30% kcal/day) fat-rich diet (HFD; 50% of kcal). Healthy male volunteers (18 -25 yrs) received a HFD in conjunction with endurance training (four times, 60 -90 min/wk) either in F (n ϭ 10) or with CHO before and during exercise sessions (n ϭ 10). The control group (n ϭ 7) received a HFD without training and increased body weight by ϳ3 kg (P Ͻ 0.001). Before and after a HFD, the subjects performed a 2-h constant-load bicycle exercise test in F at ϳ70% maximal oxygen uptake rate. A HFD, both in the absence (F) or presence (CHO) of training, elevated basal IMCL content by ϳ50% in type I and by ϳ75% in type IIa fibers (P Ͻ 0.05). Independent of training in F or CHO, a HFD, as such, stimulated exercise-induced net IMCL breakdown by approximately twofold in type I and by approximately fourfold in type IIa fibers. Furthermore, exercise-induced net muscle glycogen breakdown was not significantly affected by a HFD. It is concluded that a HFD stimulates net IMCL degradation by increasing basal IMCL content during exercise in type I and especially IIa fibers. Furthermore, a hypercaloric HFD provides adequate amounts of carbohydrates to maintain high muscle glycogen content during training and does not impair exercise-induced muscle glycogen breakdown. skeletal muscle; fasted exercise; fat-rich feeding; energy substrate metabolism; muscle lipids IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT dietary factors play an important role in modulating the acute and chronic metabolic responses to endurance exercise (30). In this regard, increased preexercise dietary fat supply stimulates energy provision via fat oxidation during exercise (8,33). By analogy, fatty acid infusion elevates the input of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the energy substrate mix fueling muscle contractions (22, 48a, 49). Furthermore, chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) also enhances the use of FFAs in endurance exercise (8,9,25,29,(32)(33)(34)58). This is, at least partly, due to upregulation of rate-limiting steps in fat metabolic pathways. Thus FFA oxidation can be stimulated with appropriate chronic exercise and/or nutrition (e.g., HFD), which upregulates pivotal steps in FFA catabolism such as fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 (4, 9), ␤-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (␤-HAD) (9, 31), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (58). However, it is still unclear whether these adaptations are specifically due to the increased FFA supply per se or result from decreased glucose availability. Omission of glucose ingestion during exercise a...

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Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance

Cited by 134 publications

References 36 publications

Low-carbohydrate Diets and Performance

Low-carbohydrate Diets and Performance

New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance

High-fat diet overrules the effects of training on fiber-specific intramyocellular lipid utilization during exercise

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