Fasting intervention and its clinical effects on the human host and microbiome

Abstract

Forslund SK. Fasting intervention and its clinical effects on the human host and microbiome.

Caloric restriction and fasting-mimicking diets in the treatment of cancer patients

“…Caloric restriction induces vast changes in the metabolic pattern; 2 days of acute caloric restriction in healthy young male individuals substantially impact the plasma proteome and when studied with high-throughput mass spectrometry affected more than 10% of the high-abundant functional plasma proteins in all participants [5]. Several excellent recent reviews have focused on different forms of caloric restriction and the physiological changes involved [6 ▪ ,7 ▪▪ ]. Reductions of food intake normally occur diurnally during the postabsorptive state but may be extended to more than the usual sleeping hours (time-restricted eating), or may be maintained for a few or several days (Table 1); short-term almost complete fasting may be repeated weekly or monthly.…”

“…Intermittent or chronic caloric restriction may entrain peripheral circadian clocks not only in the liver, muscle, white adipose tissue but also in gut microbiota; decrease fasting-sensitive factors like circulating IGF -1 and affect appetite. In addition, caloric restriction may result in rapid shifts in the composition and function of the gut microbiome by modulating the abundance of specific species and increase the production of short-chain fatty acids [6 ▪ ]; enhance gut mucosal immune responses by modulating the number of B and T lymphocytes in Peyer's patches; change the secretion of gut hormones and inhibit the release of ghrelin and leptin [7 ▪▪ ].…”

From gut to skin: exploring the potential of natural products targeting microorganisms for atopic dermatitis treatment

“…Pathogenic microorganisms can enter the blood circulation and trigger the immune response in the intestinal mucosa, leading to the generation of diverse immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. 56,57 AD patients exhibit less gut microbial diversity compared to healthy individuals, primarily characterized by a significant decrease in the relative abundances of beneficial genera like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, while the relative abundances of Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, and S. aureus are increased. 58 Additionally, decreased proportion of propionate and butyrate-producing bacteria have been found in patients with severe AD.…”

“…Pathogenic microorganisms can enter the blood circulation and trigger the immune response in the intestinal mucosa, leading to the generation of diverse immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. 56,57…”

Longan extract suppresses food intake through regulation of POMC/AgRP neuronal activities and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hypothalamus of db/db mice

“…High consumption of diets with over-nutrition are the most critical risk factor of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (2), obesity (3) and diabetes (4). Unfortunately, it becomes easier for contemporary people today to freely choose foods with over-nutrition such as high-fat, high-salt or high-carbohydrate (5). This tendency is closely related to rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide for last a few decades (6).…”