Fast Thermal Runaway Detection for Lithium-Ion Cells in Large Scale Traction Batteries

Koch, Sascha; Birke, Kai Peter; Kuhn, Robert

doi:10.3390/batteries4020016

Cited by 105 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Consequently, different sensors can be considered for detection of activated thermal runaway within a battery, but their ability for good time resolution may differ depending on circumstances, e.g., high or low thermal activity and large or limited production of vent gases. A recent study of different sensors to detect thermal runaway in Li-ion battery packs conducted by Koch et al [21] showed that thermal runaway detection based on gas, pressure, and force sensors was faster than temperature sensors and very reliable, which supports the results presented in this paper.…”

Section: Test Methods and System Considerationssupporting

confidence: 87%

Analysis of Li-Ion Battery Gases Vented in an Inert Atmosphere Thermal Test Chamber

et al. 2019

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One way to support the development of new safety practices in testing and field failure situations of electric vehicles and their lithium-ion (Li-ion) traction batteries is to conduct studies simulating plausible incident scenarios. This paper focuses on risks and hazards associated with venting of gaseous species formed by thermal decomposition reactions of the electrolyte and electrode materials during thermal runaway of the cell. A test set-up for qualitative and quantitative measurements of both major and minor gas species in the vented emissions from Li-ion batteries is described. The objective of the study is to measure gas emissions in the absence of flames, since gassing can occur without subsequent fire. Test results regarding gas emission rates, total gas emission volumes, and amounts of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and CO2 formed in inert atmosphere when heating lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) dioxide/lithium manganese oxide (LMO) spinel cell stacks are presented and discussed. Important test findings include the large difference in total gas emissions from NMC/LMO cells compared to LFP, 780 L kg−1 battery cells, and 42 L kg−1 battery cells, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the total amount of HF formed for both cell types, suggesting that LFP releases higher concentrations of HF than NMC/LMO cells.

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Section: Test Methods and System Considerationssupporting

confidence: 87%

Analysis of Li-Ion Battery Gases Vented in an Inert Atmosphere Thermal Test Chamber

et al. 2019

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“…This is an essential issue, which impacts highly on the global LiPB behavior. Moreover, LiPBs must be prudently electrically and thermally monitored and managed in order to avoid safety and performance issues [4][5][6][7][8]. The internal structure of an LiPB is made up of multiple layers forming a "jelly roll" structure, where each layer consists of the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and polymer film separators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Mapping of a Lithium Polymer Batteries Pack with FBGs Network

et al. 2018

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In this paper, a network of 37 fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is proposed for real-time, in situ, and operando multipoint monitoring of the surface temperature distribution on a pack of three prismatic lithium polymer batteries (LiPBs). Using the network, a spatial and temporal thermal mapping of all pack interfaces was performed. In each interface, nine strategic locations were monitored by considering a three-by-three matrix, corresponding to the LiPBs top, middle and bottom zones. The batteries were subjected to charge and discharge cycles, where the charge was carried out at 1.0 C, whereas the discharge rates were 0.7 C and 1.4 C. The results show that in general, a thermal gradient is recognized from the top to the bottom, but is less prominent in the end-of-charge steps. The results also indicate the presence of hot spots between two of the three batteries, which were located near the positive tab collector. This occurs due to the higher current density of the lithium ions in this area. The presented FBG sensing network can be used to improve the thermal management of batteries by performing a spatiotemporal thermal mapping, as well as by identifying the zones which are more conducive to the possibility of the existence of hot spots, thereby preventing severe consequences such as thermal runaway and promoting their safety. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a spatial and temporal thermal mapping is reported for this specific application using a network of FBG sensors.

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“…Used on purpose, these short circuit currents can lead to a discharge of parallel-connected cells and therefore lower their state of charge (SoC). Lithium-ion cells with reduced SoC show a less severe TR reaction [17][18][19][20][21][22] (further discussed in Section 2) and, with the help of some additional measures [23][24][25][26], eventually lead to better controllability of thermal propagation (TP). This work is focused on finding the right conditions for pouch cells while also achieving a meaningful discharge during TP and therefore a reduced safety threat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discharge by Short Circuit Currents of Parallel-Connected Lithium-Ion Cells in Thermal Propagation

et al. 2019

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The increasing need for high capacity batteries in plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles gives rise to the question of whether these batteries should be equipped with a few large capacity cells or rather many low capacity cells in parallel. This article demonstrates the possible benefits of smaller cells connected in parallel because of discharge effects. Measurements have been conducted proving the beneficial influence of a lower SoC on the thermal runaway behaviour of lithium-ion cells.A second test series examines the short circuit currents during an ongoing thermal propagation in parallel-connected cells. With the help of a developed equivalent circuit model and the results of the test series two major system parameters, the ohmic resistance of a cell during thermal runaway R tr and the resistance post thermal runaway R ptr are extracted for the test set-up. A further developed equivalent circuit model and its analytical description are presented and illustrate the great impact of R ptr on the overall discharged capacity. According to the model, cells with a capacity of no more than C cell = 10-15 Ah and a parallel-connection of 24 cells show the most potential to discharge a significant amount.

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Fast Thermal Runaway Detection for Lithium-Ion Cells in Large Scale Traction Batteries

Cited by 105 publications

References 24 publications

Analysis of Li-Ion Battery Gases Vented in an Inert Atmosphere Thermal Test Chamber

Analysis of Li-Ion Battery Gases Vented in an Inert Atmosphere Thermal Test Chamber

Thermal Mapping of a Lithium Polymer Batteries Pack with FBGs Network

Discharge by Short Circuit Currents of Parallel-Connected Lithium-Ion Cells in Thermal Propagation

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