fast-neutron flux in the atmosphere

Mendell, R. B.; Korff, S. A.

doi:10.1029/jz068i019p05487

Cited by 38 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…One model was attempted by Taber and Normand [1993]. It was based on measurements from several sources [ Mendall and Korff , 1993; Holt et al , 1966; Hewitt et al , 1978], and it was used by Normand and Baker [1993] to calculate Single Event Upset (SEU) rates at aircraft altitudes. It was not very accurate, and it did not reflect well the energy distribution of the neutrons.…”

Section: Atmospheric Neutron Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic global mapping of the radiation field at aviation altitudes

Stassinopoulos

Stauffer

Brucker³

2003

Space Weather

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[ 1 ] This paper presents early results from aircraft measurements made by a Low-LET Radiation Spectrometer (LoLRS), as part of a long-range effort to study the complex dynamics of the atmospheric radiation field. For this purpose a comprehensive database is being generated to enable a multivariable global mapping (and eventually modeling) of doses and Linear-EnergyTransfer (LET) spectra at aviation altitudes. To accomplish this, a methodical collection of data from the LoLRS (and other instruments) is planned over extended periods of time, in a manner that complements some previous isolated and sporadic measurements by other workers, with the objective to generate a detailed long-range description of the cosmic-ray induced particle environment and to study its variability and dependence on atmospheric thickness, magnetic latitude, L-shell or rigidity, space weather, solar particle events, solar cycle effects, magnetic field variation, diurnal and seasonal effects, and atmospheric weather. Comparison of total doses with predictions is in good agreement.

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Section: Atmospheric Neutron Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic global mapping of the radiation field at aviation altitudes

Stassinopoulos

Stauffer

Brucker³

2003

Space Weather

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“…Below 200 g/crn a, the altitude dependence of the star production is exponential with an effective attenuation length falling from 212 g/crn a at the equator to 165 g/crn a at the poles. A few recent measurements between 40 ¸ and 55 ¸ [Hayroes and Korff, 1960;Hayroes, 1964; Mendeli and Korff, 1963;Miles, 1964] indicate that the attenuation length at high latitudes may be somewhat lower, in which event the global average tritium production would be increased by about 15%.…”

Section: Much Of •He Variability Shown Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural tritium

Nir¹,

Kruger²,

Lingenfelter³

et al. 1966

Reviews of Geophysics

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The subject of natural tritium is reviewed from the inception of the search for this isotope in 1932 until the present. Three sources of natural tritium are considered: production in the atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays, production in the atmosphere by solar flare accelerated particles, and accretion from the sun. A recalculation of the cosmic‐ray production rate utilizing experimental data for the last solar cycle yields a worldwide average of 0.20 ± .09 triton/cm² sec during solar minimum and 0.16 ± .09 triton/cm² sec during solar maximum. Production of tritium by interaction of solar flare accelerated particles with the atmosphere is found to be less than 3% of the production by galactic cosmic rays. Calculations of the tritium decay rate from material balance, utilizing measured tritium concentrations of rain and ocean water corrected for synthetic tritium, are consistent within the limits of error with the production rate by galactic cosmic rays. The best estimate of the pre‐bomb inventory corresponds to a decay rate of 0.5 ± .3 triton/cm² sec as compared with the estimated production rate of 0.19 ± .09 triton/cm² sec. In view of the large errors it is not possible to determine whether appreciable amounts of tritium are accreted from the sun.

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“…The lumen of the T system freely communicates with the extracellular space, and in this manner the Z discs are connected at their peripheries through the T system membrane to the outer plasma membrane. The junctional complex of the terminal cisternae of the SR with the T system (triad), is thus also found at the periphery of each Z disc (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). The molecular composition of the T system and its mode of association with the periphery of the Z disc have not been elucidated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescent localization of membrane sites in glycerinated chicken skeletal muscle fibers and the relationship of these sites to the protein composition of the Z disc

Lazarides

Granger

1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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localization of two Z disc proteins, desmin and a-actinin, with that of the membrane material reveals that a-actinin is localized in the interior of each myofibril Z disc whereas both desmin and the membrane material surround each disc. Thus, glycerination and KI extraction of muscle fibers leaves remnants of T system and SR membranes tightly associated with the Z disc honeycomb lattice. Because the Z discs are connected at their peripheries through the T system to the plasma membrane, desmin and this membrane structure appear to be connected throughout the whole Z plane up to and including the lasma membrane. The congruent localization of desmin an the T s stem strongly suggests that this molecule mediates the adhesion of this membrane system around each Z disc.

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fast-neutron flux in the atmosphere

Cited by 38 publications

References 18 publications

A systematic global mapping of the radiation field at aviation altitudes

A systematic global mapping of the radiation field at aviation altitudes

Natural tritium

Fluorescent localization of membrane sites in glycerinated chicken skeletal muscle fibers and the relationship of these sites to the protein composition of the Z disc

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