Fast Frequency Response with BESS: A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Great Britain and Sweden

Hollinger, Raphael; Cortes, Agustin Motte; Erge, Thomas

doi:10.1109/eem.2018.8469998

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In response to this need, National Grid introduced a new ancillary service called Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) in 2016, defined as "a service that achieves 100% active power output at 1 second (or less) of registering a frequency deviation". EFR is comparable with other fast frequency response (FFR) services in different electricity markets, such as primary frequency response (PCR) in Germany and Frequency Containment Reserve -Disturbance (FCR-D) in the Nordic countries (Hollinger, Cortés and Erge, 2018). The grid operator procures the required capacity for EFR through an auction-based mechanism.…”

Section: Enhanced Frequency Response: a Service For Battery Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Synergies between energy arbitrage and fast frequency response for battery energy storage systems

2021

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Energy storage can make key contributions to balancing future low-carbon energy systems by providing a variety of energy system services, with batteries expected to be widely deployed as costs fall with innovation. This paper assesses whether synergies exist between two of the most significant of these services, fast frequency response and energy arbitrage, if a battery energy storage system (BESS) is used to deliver both. A techno-economic model is developed to simulate 600 possible fast frequency response availability windows. Results show that two distinct synergies exist between the two services. The first synergy accounts for the possibility of charging outside the deadband for delivering fast frequency response. We propose an innovative state-of-charge management strategy to exploit this synergy. The second synergy results from energy arbitrage revenues being highly concentrated around peak times, which can enable a battery system to capture most of the arbitrage revenues without an excessive reduction in revenues from capacity provision with enhanced frequency response. The combination of these two synergies means that a battery system could increase its operating profits by 25% by delivering arbitrage and frequency response alternately. This result is shown to be statistically robust using historical data. A battery system able to discharge for 1.5-2 h at its full power rating will most most likely optimise these synergies.

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Section: Enhanced Frequency Response: a Service For Battery Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Synergies between energy arbitrage and fast frequency response for battery energy storage systems

2021

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“…where pe (s) and ω(s) denote the Laplace transforms of p e and ω, respectively. 1 The matrix L B is an undirected weighted Laplacian matrix of the network with elements…”

Section: Power System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to conventional synchronous generators, storage units have outstanding ramping capabilities, which makes them an ideal choice for provision of various types of frequency control services. At present, special policies for storage participation in frequency control services are being developed by system operators around the world [1], [2]. For instance, the existing rules of the Enhanced Frequency Response -program introduced by National Grid in Great Britain-already assume the powerfrequency response with a gain of up to 100 p.u.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid-Forming Frequency Shaping Control for Low-Inertia Power Systems

Yan

Bernstein

Vorobev

et al. 2021

2021 American Control Conference (ACC)

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As power systems transit to a state of high renewable penetration, little or no presence of synchronous generators makes the prerequisite of well-regulated frequency for grid-following inverters unrealistic. Thus, there is a trend to resort to grid-forming inverters which set frequency directly. We propose a novel grid-forming frequency shaping control that is able to shape the aggregate system frequency dynamics into a first-order one with the desired steady-state frequency deviation and Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) after a sudden power imbalance. The no overshoot property resulting from the first-order dynamics allows the system frequency to monotonically move towards its new steady-state without experiencing frequency Nadir, which largely improves frequency security. We prove that our grid-forming frequency-shaping control renders the system internally stable under mild assumptions. The performance of the proposed control is verified via numerical simulations on a modified Icelandic Power Network test case.

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“…Each of the synchronous areas can have different requirements for the PFC exposed by corresponding droop curve parameters. The exact values of these parameters have an impact on the system dynamics that can be seen from different frequency distributions [29]. The PFC deploys fast-acting automatic resources that aim to hold the frequency within the dead-band (DB) limits ∆ f db by responding to the frequency deviations ∆ f (t) from the nominal system frequency f N :…”

Section: A Primary Frequency Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the characteristics of GB -EFR-Wide correspond to the highest values for the frequency deviation and deadband, while NE -FCR-N has the highest DB and the lowest deviation. TABLE I: Characteristics of the selected frequency response reserves in the studying areas [29] Parameter…”

Section: A Battery Energy Storage System State-of-charge Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic Forecasting of Battery Energy Storage State-of-Charge under Primary Frequency Control

Mashlakov

Lensu

Kaarna

et al. 2020

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

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Multi-service market optimization of battery energy storage system (BESS) requires assessing the forecasting uncertainty arising from coupled resources and processes. For the primary frequency control (PFC), which is one of the highest-value applications of BESS, this uncertainty is linked to the changes of BESS state-of-charge (SOC) under stochastic frequency variations. In order to quantify this uncertainty, this paper aims to exploit one of the recent achievements in the field of deep learning, i.e. multi-attention recurrent neural network (MARNN), for BESS SOC forecasting under PFC. Furthermore, we extend the MARNN model for probabilistic forecasting with a hybrid approach combining Mixture Density Networks and Monte Carlo dropout that incorporate the uncertainties of the data noise and the model parameters in the form of prediction interval (PI). The performance of the model is studied on BESS SOC datasets that are simulated based on real frequency measurements from three European synchronous areas in Great Britain, Continental Europe, and Northern Europe and validated by three PI evaluation indexes. Compared with the state-of-theart quantile regression algorithms, the proposed hybrid model performed well with respect to the coverage probability of PIs for the different regulatory environments of the PFC.

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Fast Frequency Response with BESS: A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Great Britain and Sweden

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Synergies between energy arbitrage and fast frequency response for battery energy storage systems

Synergies between energy arbitrage and fast frequency response for battery energy storage systems

Grid-Forming Frequency Shaping Control for Low-Inertia Power Systems

Probabilistic Forecasting of Battery Energy Storage State-of-Charge under Primary Frequency Control

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