Fast Determination of Phenanthrene in Soil by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry Using Chemometric Resolution and Standard Addition Method

Abstract

A method for fast determination of the component in complex samples by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and used for quantitative analysis of phenanthrene in soils. In the method, window independent component analysis (WICA) was used for resolving the mass spectrum and non-negative immune algorithm (NNIA) was employed for obtaining the chromatographic profile. Therefore, spectral and chromatographic information of a specific component can be obtained from the measured GC-MS data of overlapping and high background. Six soil samples collected from different places were analyzed. The tedious pretreatments in preparing the samples and the elution in the separation were simplified for speeding up the analysis. Due to the complexity of the matrix, standard addition method was adopted for the final quantification. The applicability of the method was validated with a spiked sample and the results of the six samples are reasonable.

Gas chromatography/trace analysis of derivatized azelaic acid as a stability marker

“…This method was adopted to consider the loss of analyte during sample preparation and to account for the variation of the degree of substitution [18][19][20]. Furthermore, the standard addition method is used to account for the possible variation of responses between the tested compound and internal standard.…”

Generalized window factor analysis for selective analysis of the target component in real samples with complex matrices

“…The oven temperature was initially at 60 • C for 3 min, and then increased at 50 • C min −1 to 250 • C, which was held for 4 min. The measurements of soil and hair samples were achieved by thermo GC-MS system and Shimadzu GC-MS system, respectively, which have been introduced in previous work [21,22]. Fig.…”

“…The preparations of soil and hair samples have been introduced in previous works [21,22]. An extract of a blank hair sample was used, in which 0.30 mg L −1 of prometryn was added.…”

Standard signal extraction for analyzing target analytes in real samples with complex matrices

“…The preparation of soil and hair samples has been introduced in previous work [29,30]. Phenanthrene was detected in both two soil samples by GC-SIM-MS; 0.50 mg L À1 of phenanthrene was added into the two soil samples to obtain the spiked samples.…”

“…The measurements of soil samples and hair samples were achieved by Thermo GC-MS system and Shimadzu GC-MS system (QP2010 Ultra, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), respectively, which have been introduced in previous work [29,30]. In the experiment, the electron impact ionization was tuned at 70 eV, and helium (99.999%, BOC Gases, Tianjin) was used as carrier gas with an average linear velocity of 1.0 mL min À1 .…”