Fast determination of codeine, orphenadrine, promethazine, scopolamine, tramadol, and paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis

Abstract

Paracetamol is an active ingredient commonly found in pharmaceutical formulations in combination with one of the following compounds: codeine, orphenadrine, promethazine, scopolamine, and tramadol. In this work, we propose a unique analytical method for determination of these active ingredients in pharmaceutical samples. The method is based on capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The separation was achieved on a fused silica capillary (50 cm total length, 40 cm effective length, and 50 μm id) using an optimized background electrolyte composed of 20 mmol/L β-alanine/4 mmol/L sodium chloride/4 μmol/L sodium hydroxide (pH 9.6). Each sample can be analyzed in a single run (≤2 min) and the limits of detection were 2.5, 0.62, 0.63, 2.5, 15, and 1.6 μmol/L for scopolamine, tramadol, orphenadrine, promethazine, codeine, and paracetamol, respectively. Recovery values for spiked samples were between 94 and 104%.

Capillary Electrophoresis Methods for the Determination of Tramadol: A Review

“…Each sample was analysed in a single run and a LOD of 0.62 µmol L -1 was obtained for tramadol. 21 CE coupled with a carrier assisted electromembrane extraction was used for the determination of pseudoephedrine and tramadol in urine samples. Nonionic lipophilic surfactants were added in the supported liquid membrane and acted as carriers thus promotinng the migration of ionic analytes toward the acceptor phase.…”

Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques: Developments from 2016 to 2018

“…A rapid CE‐C 4 D method for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and five other drugs (codeine, orphenadrine, promethazine, scopolamine, tramadol), typically used in combination with paracetamol, was described by Cunha et al. . Presence of different substances in pharmaceutical formulations might be advantageous also for practical reasons.…”

Development of a novel LC–MS/MS method for detection and quantification of tramadol hydrochloride in presence of some mislabeled drugs: Application to counterfeit study

“…A literature survey revealed that several methods have been reported for the determination of TRM either alone or in the presence of other co‐formulated materials. These include spectrophotometric (Abdellatef, ; Amin, Adawy, Ali, & El‐Shahatt, ; Dhumal, Bhusari, Ghante, & Jain, ; Glavanović, Glavanović, & Tomišić, ; Lakshmi, Ravisankar, Kumar, & Babu, ; Thomas & Sankar, ), spectrofluorimetric (Abdellatef, El‐Henawee, El‐Sayed, & Ayad, ; Smith, Manavalan, Kannan, & Rajendiran, ), chromatographic (Baconi, Stan, Abdul Jalil Ebrahim, Tuchila, & Balalau, ; Batool, Ahmed, & Rasheed, ; Desai, Captain, & Kamdar, ; Dhumal, Bhusari, Patra, Thareja, & Jain, ; Karunakaran, Navaneethan, & Elango, ; Kiarostami, Rouini, Mohammadian, Lavasani, & Ghazaghi, ; Ravisankar, Sridevi, & Kumari, ; Solomon, Anand, Shukla, Sivakumar, & Venkatnarayanan, ), electrochemical (Chitravathi & Munichandraiah, ; Deiminiat, Rounaghi, & Arbab‐Zavar, ; Fakhari, Sahragard, Ahmar, & Tabani, ; Ganjali, Razavi, Faridbod, Riahi, & Norouzi, ; Madrakian, Alizadeh, Bahram, & Afkhami, ) and electrophoresis (Cunha, Ribeiro, Muñoz, & Richter, ) methods in addition to the hyphenated methods where the chromatographic separations are coupled with the detection (El‐Sayed, Mohamed, Nasser, Button, & Holt, ; Haage, Kronstrand, Carlsson, Kugelberg, & Josefsson, ; Liu, Wang, Yu, Dong, & Yue, ; Tambe, Deodhar, & Prakya, ; Tanaka, Naito, Mino, & Kawakami, ; Yilmaz & Erdem, ). Thus, the aim of the present study was to develop a highly sensitive, rapid and accurate LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of TRM and some expected co‐formulated compounds.…”