Fast charging of an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery at the limit of the lithium deposition process

Sieg, Johannes; Bandlow, Jochen; Mitsch, Tim; Dragičević, Daniel; Materna, Torben; Spier, Bernd; Witzenhausen, Heiko; Ecker, Madeleine; Sauer, Dirk Uwe

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.047

Cited by 98 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…During aging testing, the protocol was programmed to keep the charging time from 0% to 80% SoC constant, as proposed by Sieg et al [ 11 ] Every 50 cycles a characterization was applied and the SoH was measured. For the following cycles, the current was scaled down according to the determined SoH

I_{step, new} = SoH * I_{step, old}

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finding the best fast charging protocol for a given battery has been the focus of various publications. [ 10–20 ] The aim is to have a minimal charging time without increased aging or at least an acceptable compromise of both. Maximum charging efficiency can also be an important factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 26 ] Recently, Sieg et al used three‐electrode cells (EL‐CELL) to measure the maximum current at different temperatures which keeps the anode potential close to 0 V versus Li/Li + during charging. [ 11 ] They transferred their findings to automotive‐sized pouch cells and a whole battery system. However, inhomogenous temperature and current distributions in the automotive cells required a reduction of the applied current rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aging‐Optimized Fast Charging of Lithium Ion Cells Based on Three‐Electrode Cell Measurements

et al. 2020

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The widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is thought to be hindered mainly by the achievable driving range, the cost, and the lifetime of the batteries. In addition, longdistance travel with BEVs is commonly viewed as cumbersome and time consuming due to long recharging times. Many BEVs recently introduced by various manufacturers solve the problem of driving range with big battery packs with more than 70 kWh of energy capacity. This also allows higher absolute charging power as the relative load for each battery cell remains small. Thus, a big car with a big battery can "recharge" more driving range per hour than a small car with a small battery. However, such big batteries are expensive, heavy, and not viable for smaller car models. To enable battery electric longdistance travel with minimal time penalty and maximum flexibility for drivers of small inexpensive electric car models, the batteries need to be able to recharge as quickly as possible. This would also allow people to own electric vehicles who do not have a personal parking space with their own charging port. Current electric vehicles mainly use lithium ion cell technology due to their high energy and power densities and potentially long lifetimes. [1,2] However, even the best state-of-the-art lithium ion cells suffer from various degradation mechanisms which limit their useful lifetime. [3] Parasitic side reactions of active materials and electrolyte components in the cell cause loss of usable cell capacity due to loss of mobile lithium ions and increasing internal resistance even if the cell is not used. [4] When a lithium ion cell is charged and discharged, different additional mechanisms damage the cell. Volume change of the anode and cathode active materials can cause particle cracking and thereby create fresh surface area which needs to be passivated. Moreover, it can lead to complete loss of electrical contact of active material particles to the current collector tabs. [3] Especially when charging a lithium ion cell, an additional and severely damaging effect can occur. If charging currents are too high or temperatures are too low, the intercalation of lithium ions into the anode active material can become too slow and lithium metal is deposited on the surface of the anode particles, so-called lithium plating. [3,5-8] Bare lithium metal will readily react with the electrolyte to form new passivating films that bind lithium ions irreversibly and increase the internal resistance of the cell. [7-9] This is known to drastically increase the aging rate and loss of usable capacity of a lithium ion cell. [8,9] It is also possible that lithium metal dendrites grow through the separator and create shorts in the cell, which can increase the self-discharge of the cell or even lead to thermal runaway. [5] Finding the best fast charging protocol for a given battery has been the focus of various publications. [10-20] The aim is to have a minimal charging time without increased aging or at least an

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I_{step, new} = SoH * I_{step, old}

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aging‐Optimized Fast Charging of Lithium Ion Cells Based on Three‐Electrode Cell Measurements

et al. 2020

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“…As a result, both capacity retention and mechanical stability of the batteries were greatly improved while the total charging times remained similar to those using the conventional 2 C CCCV charging. Besides, Sieg et al proposed a fast‐charging protocol that allows the maximum charging rate without Li plating by inserting a constant‐potential charging step at 0 V vs. Li/Li + of the graphite anode into the standard CCCV protocol. By embedding a Li reference electrode into the cell, they were able to first CC‐charge the cell until the potential of the graphite anode reached 0 V vs. Li/Li + , then maintained the potential of the graphite anode at 0 V vs Li/Li + until the cell's voltage reached the upper limit, and finally CV‐charged until the end.…”

Section: Challenges and Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Strategies for Fast Charge of Li‐Ion Batteries

Zhang

2020

ChemElectroChem

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Long charging time for Li‐ion batteries is a critical obstacle for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, especially when compared with the rapid refueling of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Fast charging results in accelerated performance degradation and low energy efficiency for Li‐ion batteries. The batteries adopted in the present electric vehicle market are mainly based on chemistry consisting of a graphite anode and a layered lithium transition‐metal oxide cathode. The fast‐charging capability of such batteries is limited by Li plating on the graphite anode and structural instability of the layered lithium transition‐metal oxide cathode. In this Minireview, the challenges and possible solutions to these fast charge problems are reviewed at both the materials and cell levels.

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“…LIB manufacturers recommend small charging currents and conservative cutoff voltages to prevent rapid degradation during charging. On the other hand, EV applications demand fast charging 44,45 . Fast charging with high current could increase the occurrence of lithium plating and other degradations 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward safe and rapid battery charging: Design optimal fast charging strategies thorough a physics‐based model considering lithium plating

2020

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Summary The application of lithium‐ion batteries is limited by long charging time and charging‐related degradations. An enhanced fast‐charging strategy can overcome these limitations. This work proposes a novel fast‐charging strategy to charge lithium‐ion batteries safely. This strategy contains a voltage‐spectrum‐based charging current profile that is optimized based on a physics‐based battery model and a genetic algorithm. The battery model considers major degradation events during charging: lithium plating, plated lithium‐induced reactions, SEI growth, as well as other degradations in the electrodes and the electrolyte. Proposed voltage‐spectrum‐based fast charging profiles are investigated with a different resolution of voltage intervals. The results show a charging profile with 15 voltage intervals and an adaptive resolution in the lower voltage range significantly can reduce charging time as well as mitigate battery degradation and avoid lithium plating. Promising results show that the charging time can be reduced without significantly lithium plating, and other side reactions compared to a constant charging strategy.

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Fast charging of an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery at the limit of the lithium deposition process

Cited by 98 publications

References 50 publications

Aging‐Optimized Fast Charging of Lithium Ion Cells Based on Three‐Electrode Cell Measurements

Aging‐Optimized Fast Charging of Lithium Ion Cells Based on Three‐Electrode Cell Measurements

Challenges and Strategies for Fast Charge of Li‐Ion Batteries

Toward safe and rapid battery charging: Design optimal fast charging strategies thorough a physics‐based model considering lithium plating

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