Fast and Slow Contrast Adaptation in Retinal Circuitry

Baccus, Stephen A.; Meister, Markus

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01050-4

Cited by 464 publications

(709 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

650

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…1C). Because the inner retina adapts to the stimulus contrast by changing its sensitivity (16,17), the visual stimulus was included to maintain the retina in a similar state of adaptation in the current injection and control conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Disinhibitory gating of retinal output by transmission from an amacrine cell

Manu

Baccus²

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Inhibitory interneurons help transform the input of a neural circuit into its output. Such interneurons are diverse, and most have unknown function. To study the function of single amacrine cells in the intact salamander retina, we recorded extracellularly from a population of ganglion cells with a multielectrode array, while simultaneously recording from or injecting current into single Offtype amacrine cells that had linear responses. We measured how visual responses of the amacrine cell interacted both with other visual input to the ganglion cell and with transmission between the two cells. We found that on average, visual responses from Off-type amacrine cells inhibited nearby Off-type ganglion cells. By recording and playing back the light-driven membrane potential fluctuations of amacrine cells during white noise visual stimuli, we found that paradoxically, increasing the light-driven modulations of inhibitory amacrine cells increased the firing rate of nearby Off-type ganglion cells. By measuring the correlations and transmission between amacrine and ganglion cells, we found that, on average, the amacrine cell hyperpolarizes before the ganglion cell fires, generating timed disinhibition just before the ganglion cell spikes. In addition, we found that amacrine to ganglion cell transmission is nonlinear in that increases in ganglion cell activity produced by amacrine hyperpolarization were greater than decreases in activity produced by amacrine depolarization. We conclude that the primary mode of action of this class of amacrine cell is to actively gate the ganglion cell response by a timed release from inhibition.multielectrode recording | computational modeling I n local neural circuits of the brain, interneurons change the output of the circuit by combining their own transmission with inputs to the circuit (1). Inhibitory interneurons throughout the brain have great diversity in their morphology, postsynaptic connections, and biochemistry, but for nearly all of these cells, their functional role in information processing is unknown. In the retina, inhibitory amacrine cells comprise more than 30 classes; most of these cells also have unknown function (2, 3).Compared with a principal neuron, which represents a circuit's output, understanding the functional role of interneurons is a challenge because the effect of an interneuron on the circuit's output is a combination of multiple circuit properties (4, 5). For example, the effect of an amacrine cell on a retinal ganglion cell is a function of the amacrine cell's light response, its effects of transmission on the retinal ganglion cell, and of other visual input to the ganglion cell. Knowledge of all three of these properties is needed to predict how the amacrine cell will affect the ganglion cell's activity.The responses of different cells are precisely timed in the retina, with different amacrine and ganglion cells having distinct temporal responses with respect to light (6-9). Inhibitory transmission to ganglion cells is known to have different effects, i...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simultaneous intracellular and multielectrode array recording was performed in the intact isolated retina as described (16). Current was injected through sharp microelectrodes (150-250 MΩ) in bridge mode.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinhibitory gating of retinal output by transmission from an amacrine cell

Manu

Baccus²

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The internal functional architecture of our models match that of the retina at the level of individual neurons, and moreover our models generalize from natural scenes, but not white noise, to a wide range of artificially structured stimuli with vastly different statistics. Thus this work provides quantitative validation for the deep learning approach to neuroscience in an experimentally accessible sensory circuit, places decades of work [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] on retinal responses to artificially structured stimuli on much firmer foundations of ethological relevance, and highlights the fundamental importance of studying sensory circuit responses to natural stimuli.…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

The dynamic neural code of the retina for natural scenes

Maheswaranathan

Tanaka

et al. 2018

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The normal function of the retina is to convey information about natural visual images. It is this visual environment that has driven evolution, and that is clinically relevant. Yet nearly all of our understanding of the neural computations, biological function, and circuit mechanisms of the retina comes in the context of artificially structured stimuli such as flashing spots, moving bars and white noise. It is fundamentally unclear how these artificial stimuli are related to circuit processes engaged under natural stimuli. A key barrier is the lack of methods for analyzing retinal responses to natural images. We addressed both these issues by applying convolutional neural network models (CNNs) to capture retinal responses to natural scenes. We find that CNN models predict natural scene responses with high accuracy, achieving performance close to the fundamental limits of predictability set by intrinsic cellular variability. Furthermore, individual internal units of the model are highly correlated with actual retinal interneuron responses that were recorded separately and never presented to the model during training. Finally, we find that models fit only to natural scenes, but not white noise, reproduce a range of phenomena previously described using distinct artificial stimuli, including frequency doubling, latency encoding, motion anticipation, fast contrast adaptation, synchronized responses to motion reversal and object motion sensitivity. Further examination of the model revealed extremely rapid context dependence of retinal feature sensitivity under natural scenes using an analysis not feasible from direct examination of retinal responses. Overall, these results show that nonlinear retinal processes engaged by artificial stimuli are also engaged in and relevant to natural visual processing, and that CNN models form a powerful and unifying tool to study how sensory circuitry produces computations in a natural context.

show abstract

“…1) (Victor, 1987;Chander and Chichilnisky, 2001;Chichilnisky, 2001;Kim and Rieke, 2001;Rieke, 2001;Baccus and Meister, 2002;Demb, 2002). All equations were identical to those used in previous studies (Chander and Chichilnisky, 2001;Chichilnisky, 2001;Kim and Rieke, 2001).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Circuits for ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells Cause Different Contrast Sensitivities

Zaghloul¹,

Boahen

Demb³

2003

J. Neurosci.

214

301

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The theory of "parallel pathways" predicts that, except for a sign reversal, ON and OFF ganglion cells are driven by a similar presynaptic circuit. To test this hypothesis, we measured synaptic inputs to ON and OFF cells as reflected in the subthreshold membrane potential. We made intracellular recordings from brisk-transient (Y) cells in the in vitro guinea pig retina and show that ON and OFF cells in fact express significant asymmetries in their synaptic inputs. An ON cell receives relatively linear input that modulates a single excitatory conductance; whereas an OFF cell receives rectified input that modulates both inhibitory and excitatory conductances. The ON pathway, blocked by L-AP-4, tonically inhibits an OFF cell at mean luminance and phasically inhibits an OFF cell during a light increment. Our results suggest that basal glutamate release is high at ON but not OFF bipolar terminals, and inhibition between pathways is unidirectional: ON 3 OFF. These circuit asymmetries explain asymmetric contrast sensitivity observed in spiking behavior.

show abstract

Fast and Slow Contrast Adaptation in Retinal Circuitry

Cited by 464 publications

References 38 publications

Disinhibitory gating of retinal output by transmission from an amacrine cell

Disinhibitory gating of retinal output by transmission from an amacrine cell

The dynamic neural code of the retina for natural scenes

Different Circuits for ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells Cause Different Contrast Sensitivities

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About