Fast and flexible CCD-driver system using fast DAC and FPGA

Miyata, Emi; Natsukari, Chikara; Akutsu, Daisuke; Kamazuka, Tomoyuki; Nomachi, M.; Ozaki, Masanori

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(00)01015-9

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The CCDs were operated in a vacuum chamber in order to keep water off them. We employed a MiKE system, 16 which was a CCD operation system developed in Osaka University, to generate bias and clock voltages to operate CCDs. The MiKE system flexibly changes the timing and the amplitude of the clock voltages, such as horizontal clock and vertical clock, thanks to a combination of Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) and Digital-Analog Converter(DAC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of n-type CCDs for the NeXT, a next Japanese x-ray astronomical satellite mission

et al. 2006

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We have developed X-ray charge-coupled devices (CCD) for the next Japanese X-ray astronomical satellite mission, NeXT (Non-thermal energy eXploration Telescope). The hard X-ray telescope(HXT) onboard the NeXT can focus X-rays above 10 keV. Therefore, we need to develop an X-ray CCD for a focal plane detector to cover the 0.3−25 keV band in order to satisfy the capability of the telescope. We newly developed an n-type CCD fabricated on an n-type silicon wafer to expand the X-ray energy range as a focal plane detector of the HXT. It is possible to have a thick depletion layer of ∼300 µm with an n-type CCD because it is easy to obtain high resistivity with an n-type silicon wafer compared to a p-type silicon wafer. We developed prototypes of n-type CCDs and evaluated their X-ray performance, energy resolution, charge transfer inefficiency(CTI) and the thickness of the depletion layer of two devices, designated Pch15 and Pch-teg. We measured the thickness of the depletion layer of Pch15 to be 290±33 µm. For Pch-teg, the energy resolution was 152±3 eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 5.9 keV and the readout noise was 7.3 e − . The performance of the n-type CCDs was comparable to that of p-type CCDs, and their depletion layer were much thicker than those of p-type CCDs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of n-type CCDs for the NeXT, a next Japanese x-ray astronomical satellite mission

et al. 2006

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“…At this time, we applied a transfer pulse to the CCD to drive the charge packets under the pixel simultaneously. The charge packets in the potential well moved one electrode to the right at the same time; as such, the charge packets follow the moving image, as shown in Figure 5b and, thus, continue to move repeatedly until the end of the exposure [31]. …”

Section: Improved Electronic Image Motion Compensation (Imc) Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Improved Electronic Image Motion Compensation (IMC) Method of Aerial Full-Frame-Type Area Array CCD Camera Based on the CCD Multiphase Structure and Hardware Implementation

Ren

Song

et al. 2018

Sensors

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In this paper, the performance of the electronic conventional image motion compensation (IMC) method based on the time delay integration (TDI) mode was analyzed using the optical injection formula of charge coupled devices (CCDs). The result shows that the non-synchronous effect of charge packet transfer caused by line-by-line transfer during exposure makes the compensated image dissatisfying. Then an improved electronic IMC method based on the CCD multiphase structure was proposed. In this method, a series of proper driving clocks were applied to drive the charge packet to move electrode-by-electrode during the exposure time, which results in a minimum non-synchronous effect of charge packet transfer. The mismatch of velocity between charge packet transfer and image motion was decreased. The performance of the improved electronic IMC method was also analyzed using the optical injection formula. The modulation degrees of the two methods were compared. The average value of the modulation degree of the improved electronic IMC method was 47/96, greater than the conventional electronic IMC method, which was 1/3. To achieve the improved electronic IMC, the driver timing diagram of the improved electronic IMC method was proposed. This paper presented an improved hardware implementation method for the improved electronic IMC method. Based on the basic FTF4052M drive circuit system, an IMC pulse pattern generator that worked together with the main pulse pattern generator (SAA8103) was added to achieve the improved electronic IMC. Then, the internal structure of the IMC pulse pattern generator was given. A dual pulse pattern generator drive circuit system was proposed. After computer simulation and indoor real shot verification, the compensation effect of the improved electronic IMC method was better than the compensation effect of the conventional electronic IMC method.

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“…5 The CCD analog data were processed by an integration-type circuit 6 and digital data were acquired with a VME system. The readout noise of our system is much less than 10 e − rms.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation damage test of the x-ray CCDs for MAXI onboard the International Space Station

et al. 2003

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We have investigated the radiation damage effects on a CCD to be employed in the Japanese X-ray astronomy mission including the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The X-ray CCD camera, ACIS, onboard Chandra have been seriously damaged by low energy protons having energy of ∼150 keV since low energy protons release their energy mainly at the charge transfer channel, resulting a decrease of the charge transfer efficiency. We thus focused on the low energy protons in our experiments. A 171 keV to 3.91 MeV proton beam was irradiated to a given device. We measured the degradation of the charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) and dark current as a function of incremental fluence. A 292 keV proton beam degraded the CTI most seriously. Taking into account the proton energy dependence of the CTI, we confirmed that the transfer channel has a lowest radiation tolerance. On the other hand, dark current increased after proton irradiation for all energies except 171 keV. We have also developed the different device architectures to reduce the radiation damage in orbit. We then investigated the spatial distribution of the low energy protons in the orbit of the ISS. We found that their density has a peak around l ∼ 20 • and b ∼ −55 • independent of the attitude. The peak value is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than that at the South Atlantic Anomaly. Taking into account the new anomaly and orbit of the ISS, we estimated the charge transfer inefficiency of MAXI CCDs to be 1.1 × 10 −5 per each transfer after two years of mission life in the worse case analysis if the highest radiation-tolerant device is employed. This value is well within the requirement and we have confirmed the high radiation-tolerance of MAXI CCDs.

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Fast and flexible CCD-driver system using fast DAC and FPGA

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Development of n-type CCDs for the NeXT, a next Japanese x-ray astronomical satellite mission

Development of n-type CCDs for the NeXT, a next Japanese x-ray astronomical satellite mission

An Improved Electronic Image Motion Compensation (IMC) Method of Aerial Full-Frame-Type Area Array CCD Camera Based on the CCD Multiphase Structure and Hardware Implementation

Radiation damage test of the x-ray CCDs for MAXI onboard the International Space Station

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