FASH and MASH: female and male adult human phantoms based on polygon mesh surfaces: I. Development of the anatomy

Abstract

Among computational models, voxel phantoms based on computer tomographic (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or colour photographic images of patients, volunteers or cadavers have become popular in recent years. Although being true to nature representations of scanned individuals, voxel phantoms have limitations, especially when walled organs have to be segmented or when volumes of organs or body tissues, like adipose, have to be changed. Additionally, the scanning of patients or volunteers is usually made in supine position, which causes a shift of internal organs towards the ribcage, a compression of the lungs and a reduction of the sagittal diameter especially in the abdominal region compared to the regular anatomy of a person in the upright position, which in turn can influence organ and tissue absorbed or equivalent dose estimates. This study applies tools developed recently in the areas of computer graphics and animated films to the creation and modelling of 3D human organs, tissues, skeletons and bodies based on polygon mesh surfaces. Female and male adult human phantoms, called FASH (Female Adult meSH) and MASH (Male Adult meSH), have been designed using software, such as MakeHuman, Blender, Binvox and ImageJ, based on anatomical atlases, observing at the same time organ masses recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for the male and female reference adult in report no 89. 113 organs, bones and tissues have been modelled in the FASH and the MASH phantoms representing locations for adults in standing posture. Most organ and tissue masses of the voxelized versions agree with corresponding data from ICRP89 within a margin of 2.6%. Comparison with the mesh-based male RPI_AM and female RPI_AF phantoms shows differences with respect to the material used, to the software and concepts applied, and to the anatomies created.

Personalised Body Counter Calibration Using Anthropometric Parameters

“…Many researchers (Cassola et al 2010;ICRP 2009;Lee et al 2010;Zhang et al 2009) have implemented the 2002 reference man specification by creating computational phantoms with matching body height, body mass, and organ masses. The main application for those phantoms is the calculation of organ absorbed dose fractions for internal and external radiation sources.…”

“…UFPE (Cassola et al 2010): The models are based on polygonal and NURBS meshes from a database of anatomical structures and a parametric body surface model. Geometric modelling tools were used to adjust and combine the different parts.…”

“…These changes are inevitable since phantom developers use different imaging data or stylistic models. The considered phantom series were the ICRP series (ICRP 2009), the RPI series (Zhang et al 2009), the UFPE series (Cassola et al 2010), and the UFH series (Lee et al 2007;Lee et al 2010) each including an adult male and female phantom.…”

A method for quantifying, visualising, and analysing gastropod shell form

“…1.3.2 (Cignoni, Corsini & Ranzuglia, 2008, http://meshlab.sourceforge.net/). Both have been used in biology to visualise and model morphology (for Meshlab: Im et al, 2012;Chaplin, Yu & Ros, 2013;Atwood & Sumrall, 2012; for Blender: Pyka et al, 2010: 22); Haug, Maas & Waloszek, 2009;Cassola et al, 2010;Haug et al, 2010;Andrei et al, 2012;Haug et al, 2012;Lv et al, 2013;Mayer et al, 2012). However, these programs have not been used to their full extent in morphological quantification and analysis of 3D data for organisms.…”

Monte Carlo estimation of radiation dose in organs of female and male adult phantoms due to FDG-F18 absorbed in the lungs

“…The organs of this type of phantom are described by mathematical equations, which make them a limited and simplified representation of the actual structure of the human body [7].…”