Farms, fires, and forestry: Disturbance legacies in the soils of the Northwest Wisconsin (USA) Sand Plain

Grossmann, Emilie B.; Mladenoff, David J.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.048

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…The steady state can be interpreted as the state at a certain time of an undisturbed ecosystem (Law et al 2001). However, forests on our landscape have experienced at least some degree of disturbance from fire, wind, harvesting, and climate change (Radeloff et al 1999, Grossmann andMladenoff 2008). Therefore, a question arises whether the stable state at equilibrium can represent the forest and site conditions we intend to simulate.…”

Section: Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodel simulations of forest harvesting effects on long‐term productivity and CN cycling in aspen forests

Wang

Mladenoff

Forrester

et al. 2014

Ecological Applications

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The effects of forest management on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics vary by harvest type and species. We simulated long‐term effects of bole‐only harvesting of aspen (Populus tremuloides) on stand productivity and interaction of CN cycles with a multiple model approach. Five models, Biome‐BGC, CENTURY, FORECAST, LANDIS‐II with Century‐based soil dynamics, and PnET‐CN, were run for 350 yr with seven harvesting events on nutrient‐poor, sandy soils representing northwestern Wisconsin, United States. Twenty CN state and flux variables were summarized from the models' outputs and statistically analyzed using ordination and variance analysis methods. The multiple models' averages suggest that bole‐only harvest would not significantly affect long‐term site productivity of aspen, though declines in soil organic matter and soil N were significant. Along with direct N removal by harvesting, extensive leaching after harvesting before canopy closure was another major cause of N depletion. These five models were notably different in output values of the 20 variables examined, although there were some similarities for certain variables. PnET‐CN produced unique results for every variable, and CENTURY showed fewer outliers and similar temporal patterns to the mean of all models. In general, we demonstrated that when there are no site‐specific data for fine‐scale calibration and evaluation of a single model, the multiple model approach may be a more robust approach for long‐term simulations. In addition, multimodeling may also improve the calibration and evaluation of an individual model.

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Section: Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodel simulations of forest harvesting effects on long‐term productivity and CN cycling in aspen forests

Wang

Mladenoff

Forrester

et al. 2014

Ecological Applications

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“…The specific impacts of cultivation vary with soil amendments, such as liming or fertilization, and crop management (Compton et al, 1998;Knops and Tilman, 2000;Richter et al, 2000). Phosphorus, for instance, is relatively biogeochemically stable compared with C and N and often remains substantially altered well after other chemical pools have returned to precultivation levels (Honnay et al, 1999;Compton and Boone, 2000;Dupouey et al, 2002;Grossmann and Mladenoff, 2008). As a result, soil C and nutrient content can increase, decrease, or show no change following agricultural land use.…”

Section: Legacies In Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape Legacies

Fraterrigo

2013

Encyclopedia of Biodiversity

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“…While human effects have been a component of these systems for millennia, the EuroAmerican settlement and industrialization period has increased anthropogenic effects by orders of magnitude [10–12]. Legacies of post-settlement land-use in the upper Midwest [13] and elsewhere have been shown to persist at local and regional scales [5,14,15], and nearly all North American forests have been affected by the intensification of land-use in the past three centuries. Hence, contemporary ecological processes in North American forests integrate the contemporary and historical anthropogenic impacts of the EuroAmerican settlement period and natural influences at decadal to centennial scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large and well-documented changes in forest structure and composition have occurred in this region since EuroAmerican settlement [13,17–20]. The extent to which ecotones have shifted, and their extent both prior to and following EuroAmerican settlement is of critical importance to biogeochemical and biogeophysical vegetation-atmosphere feedbacks [21], carbon sequestration [17], and regional management and conservation policy [22–25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel and Lost Forests in the Upper Midwestern United States, from New Estimates of Settlement-Era Composition, Stem Density, and Biomass

et al. 2016

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BackgroundEuroAmerican land-use and its legacies have transformed forest structure and composition across the United States (US). More accurate reconstructions of historical states are critical to understanding the processes governing past, current, and future forest dynamics. Here we present new gridded (8x8km) reconstructions of pre-settlement (1800s) forest composition and structure from the upper Midwestern US (Minnesota, Wisconsin, and most of Michigan), using 19th Century Public Land Survey System (PLSS), with estimates of relative composition, above-ground biomass, stem density, and basal area for 28 tree types. This mapping is more robust than past efforts, using spatially varying correction factors to accommodate sampling design, azimuthal censoring, and biases in tree selection.Changes in Forest StructureWe compare pre-settlement to modern forests using US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data to show the prevalence of lost forests (pre-settlement forests with no current analog), and novel forests (modern forests with no past analogs). Differences between pre-settlement and modern forests are spatially structured owing to differences in land-use impacts and accompanying ecological responses. Modern forests are more homogeneous, and ecotonal gradients are more diffuse today than in the past. Novel forest assemblages represent 28% of all FIA cells, and 28% of pre-settlement forests no longer exist in a modern context. Lost forests include tamarack forests in northeastern Minnesota, hemlock and cedar dominated forests in north-central Wisconsin and along the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and elm, oak, basswood and ironwood forests along the forest-prairie boundary in south central Minnesota and eastern Wisconsin. Novel FIA forest assemblages are distributed evenly across the region, but novelty shows a strong relationship to spatial distance from remnant forests in the upper Midwest, with novelty predicted at between 20 to 60km from remnants, depending on historical forest type. The spatial relationships between remnant and novel forests, shifts in ecotone structure and the loss of historic forest types point to significant challenges for land managers if landscape restoration is a priority. The spatial signals of novelty and ecological change also point to potential challenges in using modern spatial distributions of species and communities and their relationship to underlying geophysical and climatic attributes in understanding potential responses to changing climate. The signal of human settlement on modern forests is broad, spatially varying and acts to homogenize modern forests relative to their historic counterparts, with significant implications for future management.

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Farms, fires, and forestry: Disturbance legacies in the soils of the Northwest Wisconsin (USA) Sand Plain

Cited by 26 publications

References 98 publications

Multimodel simulations of forest harvesting effects on long‐term productivity and CN cycling in aspen forests

Multimodel simulations of forest harvesting effects on long‐term productivity and CN cycling in aspen forests

Landscape Legacies

Novel and Lost Forests in the Upper Midwestern United States, from New Estimates of Settlement-Era Composition, Stem Density, and Biomass

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