Farming system and wheat cultivar affect infestation of, and parasitism on, <i>Cephus cinctus</i> in the Northern Great Plains

Adhikari, Subodh; Seipel, Tim; Menalled, Fabián D.; Weaver, David K.

doi:10.1002/ps.4925

Cited by 11 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…When evaluating weed communities, our results are consistent with those of Pollnac et al [33], who found that organic small grain fields in the NGP had greater weed species richness and evenness than conventional small grain fields which, in turn, could potentially support beneficial insects such as pollinators, parasitoids, and generalists predators [6,19,34,35]. However, organic farms in the drylands of NGP may face exacerbated challenges in weed management [36,37], as the weeds are often considered impediments to agricultural production [5].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Kamut), a close relative of durum wheat] production (see details in [19]). Field sizes ranged from 25 ha to 70 ha and individual fields were separated by a minimum of 500 m. Organic fields had been certified by the Organic Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) International since 1989 and by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic certificate standards since 2003 [19]). All conventional fields followed a 2-year winter wheat-chemical no-till fallow rotation and all organic fields followed a multi-year continuous rotation of crops or cover crops (Table S2).…”

Section: Site Description and Cropping Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of Dryland Farm Management Systems on Weeds and Ground Beetles (Carabidae) in the Northern Great Plains

Adhikari

Menalled

2018

Sustainability

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Farming systems act as ecological filters impacting cropland associated biodiversity; however, the extent of these effects is largely unknown in the drylands of the Northern Great Plains (NGP), a key conventional and organic crop production region. In this 3-year (2013-2015) on-farm study, we addressed this knowledge gap by assessing the effects of conventional and organic farming systems on weed and ground beetle (carabidae) communities. We observed 25 weed species in conventional and 44 in organic fields. Weed species richness and weed species evenness were 237% and 137% greater in organic fields than in conventional fields. We collected a total of 1520 beetle specimens, representing 28 species in conventional and 37 in organic fields. Beetle activity-density and species richness were 220% and 156% greater in organic fields than in conventional fields. Both weed and ground beetle communities differed between conventional and organic fields, indicating that farming systems act as distinct ecological filters. We conclude that, in the drylands of the NGP, adoption of organic farming enhances weed abundance which could have potential management challenges, but provide floral resources to the pollinators and parasitoids. Similarly, greater diversity of ground beetles could enhance conservation biological control of crop pests, ultimately supporting for sustainable agriculture.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Site Description and Cropping Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Dryland Farm Management Systems on Weeds and Ground Beetles (Carabidae) in the Northern Great Plains

Adhikari

Menalled

2018

Sustainability

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“…Parasitism can kill up to 34% of C. cinctus larvae in a cohort and 12% of this mortality is irreplaceable, meaning that the mortality caused by B. cephi or B. lissogaster cannot be replaced by another mortality factor (Buteler et al ., ). However, the occurrence and abundance of these parasitoid species vary greatly among wheat fields and regions, compromising their effectiveness in the reliable management of this pest (Morrill et al ., ; Cárcamo et al ., ; Davis, ; Adhikari et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Bracon cephi (Gahan) and Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are important parasitoid species in wheat cropping systems. They are the only species known to attack and successfully suppress damaging populations of Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), which is the most destructive pest of wheat in the Northern Great Plains of North America (Morrill et al ., ; Runyon et al ., ; Weaver et al ., , ; Beres et al ., ; Peterson et al ., ; Rand et al ., ; Cárcamo et al ., ; Buteler et al ., ; Adhikari et al ., ; Bekkerman & Weaver, ). Parasitism can kill up to 34% of C. cinctus larvae in a cohort and 12% of this mortality is irreplaceable, meaning that the mortality caused by B. cephi or B. lissogaster cannot be replaced by another mortality factor (Buteler et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sucrose supplementation and generation on life‐history traits of Bracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster, parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly

et al. 2019

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Knowledge of the life-history traits that influence the reproductive success of parasitoids could provide useful information to enhance their effectiveness as biological control agents. The wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) is a major pest of wheat in the Northern Great Plains of North America. The bivoltine, sympatric and specialist parasitoids Bracon cephi (Gahan) and Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are the only species known to attack C. cinctus in wheat. In the present study, we quantify the body size, longevity, egg load and egg volume of B. cephi and B. lissogaster aiming to test whether these life-history traits differ among adult females developing from overwintering and summer generation larvae. We also investigate the effect of sucrose supplementation on the same reproductive parameters. The results obtained show no differences between life-history traits of B. cephi developing from the overwintering and summer generations. By contrast, the egg load of B. lissogaster is significantly different between generations, with overwintered females producing 1.2-fold more eggs than summer individuals. Sucrose feeding has a strong positive effect on life-history traits of both parasitoid species and generations. The longevity of sucrose-fed females of B. cephi is increased three-fold, whereas the survival of B. lissogaster is increased almost nine-fold. Females of B. cephi treated with sucrose have four-fold more mature eggs, whereas the egg load of B. lissogaster is increased 1.15-to 1.25-fold with sugar feeding. Only B. cephi females increase egg volume with sucrose. The present study provides valuable insights on the life-history and nutritional requirements of these two important parasitoid species.

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“…The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, is a major pest of wheat in western North America with a southward expanding geographic range likely driven by localized adaptation to cultivated crops from surrounding wildlands (Beres et al 2011;Lesieur et al 2016;Adhikari et al 2018;Varella et al 2018). It is a native species that also uses many other grass hosts and hence plays an important role in the ecology of grasslands (Cockrell et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequence of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, a primitive hymenopteran and wheat pest, illuminates evolution of hymenopteran chemoreceptors

Robertson

Waterhouse

Walden

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, is a major pest of wheat and key ecological player in the grasslands of western North America. It also represents a distinctive lineage of sawflies that appeared early during the hymenopteran radiation, but after the clade of Eusymphyta sawflies that is the sister lineage of all other Hymenoptera. We present a high-quality draft genome assembly of 162 Mbp in 1,976 scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 622 kbp. Automated gene annotation identified 11,210 protein-coding gene models and 1,307 non-coding RNA models.Thirteen percent of the assembly consists of ~58,000 transposable elements partitioned equally between Class-I and Class-II elements. Orthology analysis reveals that 86% of Cephus proteins have identifiable orthologs in other insects. Phylogenomic analysis of conserved subsets of these proteins supports the placement of the Cephidae between the Eusymphyta and the parasitic woodwasp superfamily Orussoidea. Manual annotation and phylogenetic analysis of families of odorant, gustatory, and ionotropic receptors, plus odorant binding proteins, shows that Cephus has representatives for most conserved and expanded gene lineages in the Apocrita (wasps, ants, and bees). Cephus has also maintained several insect gene lineages that have been lost from the Apocrita, most prominently the carbon dioxide receptor subfamily. Furthermore, Cephus encodes a few small lineage-specific chemoreceptor gene family expansions that might be involved in adaptations to new grasses including wheat. These comparative analyses identify gene family members likely to have been present in the hymenopteran ancestor and provide a new perspective on the evolution of the chemosensory gene repertoire.

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Farming system and wheat cultivar affect infestation of, and parasitism on, Cephus cinctus in the Northern Great Plains

Abstract: Cephus cinctus infestation was more common in winter wheat than in spring wheat. Organic fields with fewer cut stems also supported more parasitoids. Kamut is a genetic resource for developing C. cinctus-resistant cultivars. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cited by 11 publications

References 63 publications

Impacts of Dryland Farm Management Systems on Weeds and Ground Beetles (Carabidae) in the Northern Great Plains

Impacts of Dryland Farm Management Systems on Weeds and Ground Beetles (Carabidae) in the Northern Great Plains

Effects of sucrose supplementation and generation on life‐history traits of Bracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster, parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly

Genome sequence of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, a primitive hymenopteran and wheat pest, illuminates evolution of hymenopteran chemoreceptors

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