Farmers in the lead : Assessing effectiveness of participatory experimentation inTigray, Northern Ethiopia

Abstract

The study area 1.10 Thesis outline 2 Comparison of methods to identify crop productivity constraints in developing countries. A review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Heuristic model and prototype methods 2.3 Different use of methodologies: a review 2.4 Comparing different methods for the identification of productivity constraints in Tigray 2.5 Discussion 2.6 Conclusion 3 Identifying crop productivity constraints and opportunities using Focus Group Discussions: A case study with farmers from Tigray 3.1 Introduction 3.2. Material and methods 3.3 Results 3.4. Discussion 3.5. Conclusion 4 The importance of local factors and management in determining wheat yield variability in on-farm experimentation in Tigray, northern Ethiopia 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and methods 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.4 Conclusion viii 5 Four years of farmer experimentation on soil fertility in Tigray, northern Ethiopia: Trends in research strategies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Method 5.3 Results 5.4 Discussion 5.5 Conclusion 6 Grain productivity, fertilizer response and nutrient balance of farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia: A multi-perspective view in relation to soil fertility degradation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and method 6.3 Results 6.4 Discussion 6.5 Conclusion 7 Considering change: Evaluating four years of participatory experimentation with farmers in Tigray (Ethiopia) highlighting both functional and human-social aspects 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.4 Conclusion 8 Synthesis 8.1 The research project: an overview 8.2 Assessing effectiveness: putting pieces together 8.3 Reflection on process and points of departure 8.4 Impact, livelihood development and scaling 8.

Characteristics and expectations among emergency department patients in India

“…Patients reported multiple reasons for choosing the ED including pain control, the belief that they would be seen by a doctor quickly, referral by another healthcare provider, and a lack of other healthcare options. These findings are consistent with those from more developed settings [13,14]; however, one key difference is that almost half of patients in the current study reported coming to the ED because their primary care clinic was closed, and one-third reported having no other option for seeking care. These numbers are substantially higher than in more developed settings [12,14,23].…”

“…These findings are consistent with those from more developed settings [13,14]; however, one key difference is that almost half of patients in the current study reported coming to the ED because their primary care clinic was closed, and one-third reported having no other option for seeking care. These numbers are substantially higher than in more developed settings [12,14,23]. The reasons for these findings are likely multifactorial.…”

“…While it is often believed that a lack of access to primary care drives recurrent ED utilization in more developed settings, the data surrounding this theory is mixed [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Data does demonstrate that patients seeking emergency care do so for a variety of reasons including the perceived severity of their illness, and the belief that they will be seen and get test results quickly, as well as transportation barriers and long wait times at their primary care offices [14][15][16]. While this may give some insight into the behaviors of the ED population in certain contexts, the differences in healthcare systems and population demographics between countries make direct comparisons of their ED populations difficult.…”