Farm-Based Biogas Production, Processing, and Use in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells

Schmersahl, Ralf; Mumme, Jan; Scholz, Volkhard

doi:10.1021/ie071292g

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) run at a relatively low temperature and pressure compared to SOFCs. Their temperature and pressure range is between 50 and 100 • C, and 1 and 2 bars, respectively [194]. This fuel cell requires clean, hydrogen-rich fuel; therefore, it is not suitable for biogas utilization.…”

Section: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

et al. 2021

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Biogas is one of the most attractive renewable resources due to its ability to convert waste into energy. Biogas is produced during an anaerobic digestion process from different organic waste resources with a combination of mainly CH4 (~50 mol/mol), CO2 (~15 mol/mol), and some trace gasses. The percentage of these trace gases is related to operating conditions and feedstocks. Due to the impurities of the trace gases, raw biogas has to be cleaned before use for many applications. Therefore, the cleaning, upgrading, and utilization of biogas has become an important topic that has been widely studied in recent years. In this review, raw biogas components are investigated in relation to feedstock resources. Then, using recent developments, it describes the cleaning methods that have been used to eliminate unwanted components in biogas. Additionally, the upgrading processes are systematically reviewed according to their technology, recovery range, and state of the art methods in this area, regarding obtaining biomethane from biogas. Furthermore, these upgrading methods have been comprehensively reviewed and compared with each other in terms of electricity consumption and methane losses. This comparison revealed that amine scrubbing is one the most promising methods in terms of methane losses and the energy demand of the system. In the section on biogas utilization, raw biogas and biomethane have been assessed with recently available data from the literature according to their usage areas and methods. It seems that biogas can be used as a biofuel to produce energy via CHP and fuel cells with high efficiency. Moreover, it is able to be utilized in an internal combustion engine which reduces exhaust emissions by using biofuels. Lastly, chemical production such as biomethanol, bioethanol, and higher alcohols are in the development stage for utilization of biogas and are discussed in depth. This review reveals that most biogas utilization approaches are in their early stages. The gaps that require further investigations in the field have been identified and highlighted for future research.

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Section: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to their results, electrical efficiency was 40% and the whole system efficiency reached 82% when the fuel cell was combined with CHP. Schmersahl et al [194] studied PEMPC experimentally. They claimed that its performance was lower with biogas rather than natural gas.…”

Section: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

et al. 2021

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“…A joint-project led by Panasonic and Tokyo gas also has reported a significant development in residential PEFC . Many other countries around the world also have been developing this battery system. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Activation Degree of Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Carbon Gels on Carbon monoxide Tolerance of Platinum–Ruthenium Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Anode Catalyst

et al. 2014

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Resorcinol−formaldehyde carbon gels (RFCs) show several advantageous properties as a catalyst support over other carbons, as their pore volume and pore size can be readily tailored, for example, via CO 2 activation. In this study, RFCs were synthesized with various activation degrees (burn-off) as 0, 37, 58, and 88% and used as the support for a PtRu anode electrode; a commercial Pt 2 Ru 3 /C anode catalyst was used as a reference. The catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), BET surface area, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The performance and CO tolerance of the obtained catalysts were tested through single cell performance analysis with CO contaminations ranging from 100 to 2000 ppm. The prepared Pt 2 Ru 3 /RFC catalysts showed superior CO tolerance. Especially Pt 2 Ru 3 /RFC prepared using an RFC with a burn-off of 58% (RC1000Ac58) showed the highest performance and best CO tolerance. The activation degree could affect the volumes and sizes of mesopores and micropores, resulting in differences in size and dispersion of PtRu particles, and accessibility to the particles both of which govern the performance and CO tolerance of the catalysts. Pt 2 Ru 3 /RC1000Ac58 showed the highest cell voltage of 0.787 V and highest CO tolerance at 2000 ppm of CO (0.655 V, only 16.8% overvoltage). Supporting PtRu particles by using a carbon support with an optimum activation degree could be a practical method to improve the performance and CO tolerance of a PtRu electrocatalyst.

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Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel

Morrison

Schanbacher

2010

Biomass to Biofuels

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Farm-Based Biogas Production, Processing, and Use in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

Effect of Activation Degree of Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Carbon Gels on Carbon monoxide Tolerance of Platinum–Ruthenium Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Anode Catalyst

Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel

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