“…Students' characteristic features such as interpersonal skills, personality traits, motives, selfefficacy perceptions, and perspectives on various issues affect their individual problem-solving and collaboration skills (Charles & Lester, 1982;Morgeson et al, 2005;Yayan, 2010). Assessments on problem-solving and individual (creative) problem-solving domains in PISA 2003 and PISA 2012 assessments provide an important source of data for determining the factors related to the problem-solving skills of students in Turkey (Aşkar & Olkun, 2005;Akyüz & Pala, 2010;Birbiri, 2014;İleritürk et al, 2017;Pala, 2008;Sertkaya, 2016). The majority of these studies that aim to determine the factors related to students' academic performance in the PISA problem-solving domain discussed the direct effects between variables.…”