Farewell—We’re Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration

Marks, Carole

doi:10.1215/10439455-4.2.91

Cited by 29 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…It is with regard to socio-economic status that the return migration appears to be a new and distinct demographic phenomenon relative to both the patterns of the Great Migration and stable residents of both the North and the South. Although the issue of selectivity for those involved in the Great Migration is unresolved (Marks 1989), it seems likely that this movement was largely comprised of a rural, relatively uneducated cohort of persons supplying most migrants to the North (Fligstein 1981;Tolnay 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The larger reality, of course, is that migration decisions commonly result from a combination of these types of forces. Nowhere is this clearer than in the ''Great Migration'' of African-Americans who left the rural South for urban places both inside and outside the South (Marks 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After World War II, Southern agriculture continued to be mechanized and large numbers of blacks continued to leave the land (Fligstein 1981;Marks 1989), thus providing a new impetus and rationale for migration decisions. But, regardless of the timing and the reasons for its occurrence, the result was the same: millions of African-Americans left the rural South for places they hoped would become a ''promised land'' -something that was unlikely to become a reality in their rural Southern residences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Return Migrations of African‐Americans to the South: Reclaiming a Land of Promise, Going Home, or Both?*

Falk

Hunt

Hunt³

2004

Rural Sociology

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Using samples of census data from the University of Minnesota Population Center's “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series” (IPUMS), we describe trends in African‐American migration to the South across recent decades, and explore the applicability of the concept of “return migration” to various demographic patterns. Our findings suggest that the return movement contains multiple migration streams involving African‐Americans of higher socio‐economic status (compared with both origin and destination populations) moving to both urban and rural destinations. These patterns represent clear differences from the earlier 20th century's “Great Migration” of African‐Americans from South to North. The recent return migration streams suggest that the South may be replacing the North as a “land of promise” for some upwardly mobile African‐Americans, and may also reflect what Carol Stack (1996) has termed a “call to home” as a motivating factor shaping recent African‐American migration to the rural South.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Return Migrations of African‐Americans to the South: Reclaiming a Land of Promise, Going Home, or Both?*

Falk

Hunt

Hunt³

2004

Rural Sociology

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“…Davis 1981;Donner 1990;Newton 1996), they were also displaced by success in the struggle for access to social welfare programs and equal educational opportunity. This was especially the case in cities outside the South to which Black people had migrated during the century to work in Fordist war and peacetime industries, if almost always at their margins (Marks 1989;Marable 1991;Sonenshein 1993;cf. Stack 1996).…”

Section: For Example?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography

Gilmore

2002

The Professional Geographer

703

324

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To study the complexities of race and geography, research and analysis should center on the fatally dynamic coupling of power and difference signified by racism. The author considers briefly the theoretical and methodological implications of key frameworks geographers used during the past century to account for racialized power differentials. To illustrate the political, economic, and cultural capacities that historical materialist geographical inquiry ought to consider, the author outlines the background for a new project-a case study of the U.S. during a period of unusually intense state-building in the mid-twentieth century. The article concludes that the political geography of race consists of space, place, and location as shaped simultaneously by gender, class, and scale.

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“…White ethnic unions treated them unequally or excluded them outright (as referenced in Faith Ringgold's [1991] children's book Tar Beach). Locked out of labor unions, African Americans were often used as strikebreakers, who bore the brunt of striking white laborers' anger and violence, as was the case in East St. Louis in 1917 when white immigrant factory workers killed 125 people, mostly African Americans (Marks, 1989). The irony is that blacks migrated to escape the violence of the South, especially lynchings, and yet they met a similar brutality in the North.…”

Section: The Great Migration As African American Narrativementioning

confidence: 99%

“The Blues Playingest Dog You Ever Heard Of”: (Re)positioning Literacy Through African American Blues Rhetoric

Kynard

2008

Reading Research Quarterly

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Building on scholarship in African American rhetorics and African American language, an analysis of Walter Dean Myers's (2000) The Blues of Flats Brown is presented as a methodology for (re)imagining educational issues and research related to voice, agency, reading, and literacy in the face of racial oppression and subjugation. In the analysis, blues music is viewed as an articulation of the reciprocal relationship between the political, economic, historical, and social struggles of African American masses and a unique cultural expression. The analysis also foregrounds the constructs of crossroads theory (Meacham, 2000, 2001a, 2001b) and code meshing (Canagarajah, 2006) as heuristics for understanding how literacy and language function in multiracial contexts for people who confront discrimination and subjugation. Several discourse strategies are highlighted in the analysis of the text: the use of the Great Migration and fugitive slave narratives, the use of linguistic markings to represent 20th‐century white supremacy and the maintenance of southern and northern Jim Crow policies, the use of the South as a literary symbol of black home/motherland, the use of the blues and spirituals as a lyrical blueprint for narrative writing, and the use of the psychic and historical politics of the trickster as central to textual organization and characterization. The analysis of The Blues of Flats Brown is used to argue for an approach to reading in classrooms that centers students' cultural rhetorics. بناء على الأعمال العلمية في البلاغة الإفريقية الأمريكية واللغة الإفريقية الأمريكية تم تقديم تحليلاً لكتاب ذي بلوز أوف فلاتس براون (2000) بقلم والتر دين مايرز كمنهاج لـ(إعادة) تخيل قضايا التعليم والأبحاث المتعلقة بالصوت والفعل والقراءة ومعرفة القراءة والكتابة أمام القمع العنصري والاضطهاد. وفي التحليل ننظر إلى موسيقا بلوز كأنها عبارة عن العلاقة المتبادلة بين صراعات الشعب الإفريقي الأمريكي الاجتماعية والتاريخية والاقتصادية والسياسية وبين تعبير ثقافي فريد في نوعه. بالإضافة إلى ذلك يبيّن التحليل أفكار نظرية تقاطع الطرق (ميخام 2000، 2001 ا، 2001 ب) وانسجام اللغة (كاناغارجاه، 2006) كأنها منهاج لفهم وظيفة اللغة ومعرفة القراءة والكتابة في السياقات المتعددة الأعراق للناس الذين يواجهون التمييز العنصري والاضطهاد. وقد تبين بعض استراتيجيات الخطاب في تحليل النص: استخدام الهجرة الكبيرة وحكايات الأرقاء الهاربين واستخدام العلامات اللغوية لتمثيل سيادة البيض في القرن العشرين والحفاظ على سياسات التفرقة العنصرية الشمالية والجنوبية واستخدام الجنوب كرمز أدبي لأمة السود واستخدام موسيقا بلوز والترانيم الروحية كبصمة غنائية لكتابة الحكايات واستخدام سياسة المحتال التاريخية والنفسية كأنها مهمة لتنظيم النص والتشخيص. إذ يُستخدَم تحليل كتاب ذي بلوز أوف فلاتس براون حجةً لمنهاج القراءة في الصفوف الذي يركز على بلاغة الطلاب الثقافية. 本研究建基于美国非洲黑人修辞学与美国非洲黑人语言的学术研究，分析华尔特•典•迈亚斯（2000）的著作《弗烈特斯•布朗的蓝调》。本文提出以该分析作为一种方法，（重新）构思有关在族压迫与种族从属地位的情况下，美国黑人的教育问题，和有关呼声、原动力、阅读与文化水平方面的研究。在此分析中，蓝调音乐被视为一种独特的文化表露，传达出政治、经济、历史与美国非洲黑人群众的社会挣扎等方面之间的相互关系。此分析亦把十字路口理论（Meacham, 2000,2001a,2001b）和吻合行为规范（Canagarajah, 2006）这两个构成概念放在重要的位置上，作为探索式的方法，以了解在多元种族环境中，人们面对着种族歧视和种族从属地位问题的情况下，文化水平与语言如...

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Farewell—We’re Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Return Migrations of African‐Americans to the South: Reclaiming a Land of Promise, Going Home, or Both?*

Return Migrations of African‐Americans to the South: Reclaiming a Land of Promise, Going Home, or Both?*

Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography

“The Blues Playingest Dog You Ever Heard Of”: (Re)positioning Literacy Through African American Blues Rhetoric

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