Far infrared transmittance of Sc2@C84 and Er2@C82

Grannan, S. M.; Birmingham, John T.; Richards, P. L.; Bethune, Donald S.; Vries, Mattanjah S. de; Loosdrecht, P.H.M. van; Dorn, Harry C.; Burbank, P.; Bailey, Justin M.; Stevenson, Steven

doi:10.1016/s0009-2614(96)01313-9

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Many dimetallofullerene ions, A 2 @C 2 n + , are also observed. Metallofullerenes of this type have been observed previously and in some cases actually extracted and purified. ,,, It would appear from these results that the composition of the metal compound (oxide, sulfide, or carbonate) in the pyrolyzed mixture does not have a significant effect on the form of the resulting laser ablation FT/ICR mass spectrum and metallofullerenes are readily formed in all cases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Shortly after the discovery of the hollow carbon cage molecules now known as fullerenes, Heath et al reported that lanthanum atom(s) could be encapsulated in the fullerene cage , The novel properties and possible applications of these new molecules as nonlinear optical devices and catalysts, superconductors, lasers, and ferroelectric materials , have encouraged many researchers to commence macroscale production ,− and spectroscopic characterization − of metallofullerenes. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry of Pyrolyzed Koppers Coal-Tar Pitch: A Precursor for Fullerenes and Metallofullerenes

et al. 1999

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Pyrolyzed Koppers coal-tar pitch samples consisting mainly of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were studied by direct laser vaporization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fullerene cations were readily formed from these carbonaceous precursors over a wide range of low-laser ablation power densities. The laser-desorption ionization of the pyrolyzed coal-tar pitches shows the presence of a range of polyaromatic hydrocarbons some containing as many as 70 carbon atoms, which should require only small amounts of laser energy to convert them into fullerenes. Metallofullerene formation also occurs with low power laser ablation of pyrolyzed mixtures of metal oxides, metal sulfides, or metal carbonates and the Koppers coal-tar pitch. Ablation with two different laser pulse widths of 230 µs and 8 ns, at a laser wavelength of 1064 nm, shows that only the long-pulse low-power (200-2000 kW cm -2 ) laser radiation produces metallofullerene ions. The short-pulse high-power (1-2300 MW cm -2 ) laser ablation results only in the formation of small metal carbide cluster and fullerene ions. Collision-induced dissociation experiments were used to study the structures of the small metal carbide clusters and the endohedral metallofullerene ion, La@C 60 + . IntroductionShortly after the discovery of the hollow carbon cage molecules now known as fullerenes, Heath et al. reported that lanthanum atom(s) could be encapsulated in the fullerene cage. 1 The name endohedral metallofullerene written as A m @C 2n , where the symbol @ denotes that the metal atom (A) is located inside fullerene cage and m ) 1-3, n ) 30-70, has been assigned to this new family of fullerenes. 2,3 The novel properties and possible applications of these new molecules as nonlinear optical devices and catalysts, 4 superconductors, 5 lasers, and ferroelectric materials 4,6 have encouraged many researchers to commence macroscale production 3,7-9 and spectroscopic characterization 10-19 of metallofullerenes.Laboratory scale chemical studies on endohedral metallofullerenes are difficult because these species can only be produced with very low yields and so there is a demand for other methods of production or the discovery of new precursors. 20 To date, most of preparations have used graphite/metal or metal oxide mixtures as precursors with different vaporization sources. 8,9,21,22 Our studies on the other hand have been focused on the search for new fullerene and metallofullerene carbon precursors. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] The use of metal-doped graphite rods with the arc vaporization method 35 and the laser ablation-furnace method 36,37 represent the two major methods for metallofullerene production. Of these two methods, the arc technique is preferred for macroscopic production and yields of less than 0.1% are still common for even the most abundant of the metallofullerenes (for example, La@C 82 ) 38 that can be isolated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry of Pyrolyzed Koppers Coal-Tar Pitch: A Precursor for Fullerenes and Metallofullerenes

et al. 1999

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“…The ability to encapsulate lanthanide atoms into fullerene cages continues to excite scientists throughout the world. Cerium, praseodymium, terbium, gadolinium, neodymium, lanthanum, erbium, holmium, dysprosium, lutetium, thulium, samarium, europium, and ytterbium have all been encapsulated to form either a mono- or dimetallofullerene species via the electric-arc process, − 11a and are listed in consecutive order of decreasing yields (M@C 82 ) 11b. Interestingly, when encapsulated inside a C 82 cage, the lanthanide metals typically exhibit a trivalent oxidation state in order to partially fill the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of the cage and create an open-shell electronic state. , Only a few lanthanide elements, cerium and praseodymium for example, have been observed as higher symmetry ( I h ) C 80 cage encapsulates, forming [Ce 2 ] +6 @[C 80 ] -6 and [Pr 2 ] +6 @[C 80 ] -6 , respectively. 7c,f Recently, a dimetallic species of titanium, [Ti 2 ] +6 @[C 80 ] -6 , was incorporated into a C 80 cage .…”

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confidence: 99%

Lutetium-based Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Metallofullerenes: New Contrast Agents

et al. 2002

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“…Endohedral metallofullerenes show promise as a new type of functional materials with many applications. In particular, their interesting guest−host structure has attracted much attention from the biomedicine community. − Since the first observation of a metallofullerene species, La@C n , using laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry, significant progress has been made in isolating and characterizing a wide variety of endohedral metallofullerenes in pure form. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of a Water-Soluble Endohedral Metallofullerol

Sun¹,

Huang²,

Yang³

et al. 1999

Chem. Mater.

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A water-soluble endohedral metallofullerol, Pr@C 82 O m (OH) n (m ≈ 10 and n ≈ 10), was successfully synthesized through the reaction of a pure endohedral metallofullerene, Pr@C 82 , with a concentrated nitric acid and a subsequent hydrolysis process. The formation of endohedral metallofullerols Pr@C 82 O m (OH) n is thought to involve a NO 2 radical formation step, in much the same way as the reaction of empty fullerenes. FT-IR, XPS, and LD-TOF MS techniques were employed to characterize the structure of the endohedral metallofullerol from the above reaction.

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Far infrared transmittance of Sc2@C84 and Er2@C82

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry of Pyrolyzed Koppers Coal-Tar Pitch: A Precursor for Fullerenes and Metallofullerenes

Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry of Pyrolyzed Koppers Coal-Tar Pitch: A Precursor for Fullerenes and Metallofullerenes

Lutetium-based Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Metallofullerenes: New Contrast Agents

Synthesis and Characterization of a Water-Soluble Endohedral Metallofullerol

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