Famine relief, public order, and revolts: interaction between government and refugees as a result of drought/flood during 1790–1911 in the North China Plain

Xiao, Li-Ye; Fang, Xiuqi; Wan-yi, Zhao

doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1298-6

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…According to Xiao et al (2018), famines that arose after flood and drought extremes in Northern China during the late Quing dynasty , elicited public responses in the form of charity action, revolts (in the countryside) and crisis-related public policies (in Beijing). Such calamities usually generated high numbers of refugees, who required further intensive governmental management.…”

Section: Droughts Social Resilience Public Policy Administrative Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Documentary data and the study of the past droughts: an overview of the state of the art worldwide

Brázdil

Kiss

Luterbacher

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. The use of documentary evidence to investigate past climatic trends and events has become a recognised approach in recent decades. This contribution presents the state of the art in its application to droughts. The range of documentary evidence is very wide, including: general annals, chronicles, and memoirs, diaries kept by missionaries, travellers and those specifically interested in the weather, the records kept by administrators tasked with keeping accounts and other financial and economic records, legal-administrative evidence, religious sources, letters, marketplace and shopkeepers' songs, newspapers and journals, pictographic evidence, chronograms, epigraphic evidence, early instrumental observations, society commentaries, compilations and books, and historical-climatological databases. These come from many parts of the world. This variety of documentary information is evaluated with respect to the reconstruction of hydroclimatic conditions (precipitation, drought frequency and drought indices). Documentary-based drought reconstructions are then addressed in terms of long-term spatio-temporal fluctuations, major drought events, relationships with external forcing and large-scale climate drivers, socio-economic impacts and human responses. Documentary-based drought series are also discussed from the viewpoint of spatio-temporal variability for certain continents, and their employment together with hydroclimate reconstructions from other proxies (in particular tree-rings) is discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn and challenges for the future use of documentary evidence in the study of droughts are presented.

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Section: Droughts Social Resilience Public Policy Administrative Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Documentary data and the study of the past droughts: an overview of the state of the art worldwide

Brázdil

Kiss

Luterbacher

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The study time-span in this study is relatively short of revealing the full climatic influence on outbreaks of epidemics, which is found to be apparent at the long-term scales (McMichael, 2012 ). Besides, this study focuses on the late-imperial era in which the impact of climate on human societies could have been weakened by improved social resilience and institutional measures in alleviating harvest failures (Hao et al ., 2020 ; Lee & Zhang, 2010 ; Xiao et al ., 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Did Hydro-climatic Extremes, Positive Checks, and Economic Fluctuations Modulate the Epidemics Outbreaks in Late Imperial China?

Lee

2021

Hum Ecol

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Empirical research has shown that climate-related variables, the decline in economic well-being, and the mutual reinforcement of positive checks are the primary drivers of epidemic outbreaks in recent human history. However, their relative importance in causing the outbreak of epidemics is rarely examined quantitatively in a single study. I sought to address this issue by analyzing the 1402 epidemic incidents in China between 1841 and 1911, which partially overlaps partly with the Third Pandemic period. Fine-grained historical big data, multiple regression, and wavelet coherence analysis were employed. Statistical results show that economic fluctuations drove the country-wide epidemics outbreaks in China in inter-annual and decadal time scales. Economic fluctuations could cause short-term hardship and long-term impoverishment to the underprivileged social groups since a large portion of the Chinese population lived at the subsistence level in the past. The fluctuations might have sustained the repeated waves of epidemic outbreaks during the Third Pandemic period. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10745-021-00272-7.

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“…Socio-economic Accounts of food shortages, increase of prices (grain and other crops), poverty, debt, distress, famine, requests for tax reduction, administrative measures, raised awareness of witchcraft and other rain-related ritual practices, human mortality, disease, epidemics, emigration, building and forest fires, sale of livestock at below normal market prices dry; −1: dry; 0: normal; 1: wet; 2: very wet; 3: extremely wet) scales are the most widely used in Europe (e.g. Pfister, 1992Pfister, , 1999Pfister, , 2001Glaser, 2001Glaser, , 2008Xoplaki et al, 2001;Dobrovolný et al, 2015a) and Africa (e.g. Nicholson et al, 2012a, b;Nash et al, 2016bNash et al, , 2018.…”

Section: Hydrologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The use of documentary evidence to investigate past climatic trends and events has become a recognised approach in recent decades. This contribution presents the state of the art in its application to droughts. The range of documentary evidence is very wide, including general annals, chronicles, memoirs and diaries kept by missionaries, travellers and those specifically interested in the weather; records kept by administrators tasked with keeping accounts and other financial and economic records; legal-administrative evidence; religious sources; letters; songs; newspapers and journals; pictographic evidence; chronograms; epigraphic evidence; early instrumental observations; society commentaries; and compilations and books. These are available from many parts of the world. This variety of documentary information is evaluated with respect to the reconstruction of hydroclimatic conditions (precipitation, drought frequency and drought indices). Documentary-based drought reconstructions are then addressed in terms of long-term spatio-temporal fluctuations, major drought events, relationships with external forcing and large-scale climate drivers, socio-economic impacts and human responses. Documentary-based drought series are also considered from the viewpoint of spatio-temporal variability for certain continents, and their employment together with hydroclimate reconstructions from other proxies (in particular tree rings) is discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and challenges for the future use of documentary evidence in the study of droughts are presented.

show abstract

Famine relief, public order, and revolts: interaction between government and refugees as a result of drought/flood during 1790–1911 in the North China Plain

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Documentary data and the study of the past droughts: an overview of the state of the art worldwide

Documentary data and the study of the past droughts: an overview of the state of the art worldwide

Did Hydro-climatic Extremes, Positive Checks, and Economic Fluctuations Modulate the Epidemics Outbreaks in Late Imperial China?

Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art

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