“…Eickhorst et al, 2015). The KiD: 0–3 includes items from other standardized and validated questionnaires, official national guidelines and socio-demographic items adapted from previous research to assess and define individual family risk factors (Eickhorst et al, 2015; Gerlach et al, In press). In total, 21 family risk factors from the child’s perspective occurring in the pre-assessment sample were assessed: These were 11 distal risk factors (poverty, crowding, unemployment, single parent, migration, low education, primary caregiver’s experience of maltreatment and/ or neglect in childhood, early motherhood, more than two siblings, lifetime psychiatric disorder, and lifetime substance abuse), and 10 proximal risk factors (parental quarrel, disagreement between parents, inter-parental violence, current depression, negative regard during pregnancy, negative attitude in nurturing, risk for child maltreatment and/or neglect, current stress, child’s poor health condition, and child’s challenging temperament).…”