Family, Individual, and Other Risk Factors Contributing to Risk of Substance Abuse in Young Adults: A Narrative Review

AlHammad, M.S.; Aljedani, Rajeh; Alsaleh, Mohammed; Atyia, Nawaf; Alsmakh, Mohammed; Alfaraj, Ali; Alkhunaizi, Alya; Alwabari, Jalal; Alzaidi, Mohammed

doi:10.7759/cureus.32316

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…16 This demographic of abusers frequently lacked employment, were single, and had not attained a college education, corroborating previous research that identified employment status, marital status, and educational level as significant predictors of substance abuse. 17 A notable factor contributing to the unexpectedly high incidence of benzodiazepine abuse in this study was the implementation of comprehensive urine screening, which corrected approximately 50% of erroneous clinical diagnoses, thereby enhancing the accuracy of epidemiological data. 18 This is in stark contrast to prior studies conducted in Taiwan that predominantly relied on patient or family self-reports, due to limitations in hospitals' substance abuse detection capabilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Predictive factors for severe outcomes in substance abuse-related emergency visits: A 5-year retrospective analysis at a medical center in Taiwan

Hsieh,

Hsu,

Yang

2023

Journal of the Chinese Medical Association

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Background: Substance abuse is a considerable medical issue worldwide, yet current surveillance systems in Taiwan offer limited insights into the clinical characteristics and outcomes of substance abuse patients. This study aimed to delineate the epidemiology of emergency department visits related to substance abuse at a hospital in Taiwan and to identify factors predictive of severe complications or mortality. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on substance abuse-related emergency department visits at a medical center in Taiwan between 2009 and 2013. Eligible participants were individuals aged 20 or older who had confirmed substance abuse through urinalysis. Variables such as patient demographics, substances abused, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were collected. Severe outcomes were defined as admission to the intensive care unit, requirement for endotracheal intubation, or in-hospital death. Logistic regression models were employed to identify factors contributing to severe outcomes. Results: The cohort consisted of 623 patients, of whom 64.0% were female and 67.1% were aged between 20 and 49 years. Benzodiazepines were detected in 75.3% of patients, while z-drugs (specifically zopiclone, zolpidem, or zaleplon) were found in 27.8%. Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens were present in 14.9%, 10.6%, and 0.6% of the cases, respectively. Of the patient, 121 (19.4%) experienced severe outcomes, including 116 (18.6%) intensive care unit admissions, 73 (11.7%) intubations, and 11 (1.8%) in-hospital deaths. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed multiple predictors of severe outcomes, such as emergency department triage level, aspiration pneumonia, leukocytosis, abnormal hepatic function, abnormal renal function, hypernatremia, and hypocalcemia. Conclusion: In Taiwan, benzodiazepines emerged as the most prevalent substance of abuse among emergency department visitors, and a significant proportion of these patients experienced severe outcomes. Continuous monitoring of severe outcome predictors is essential for enhanced understanding and management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Predictive factors for severe outcomes in substance abuse-related emergency visits: A 5-year retrospective analysis at a medical center in Taiwan

Hsieh,

Hsu,

Yang

2023

Journal of the Chinese Medical Association

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“…Heroin addiction is a complex condition influenced by the combination of genetic elements and environmental factors (9). This study highlighted distinct variations in gene expression when analyzing the gene profile associated with heroin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The findings of the current study suggest that genetic factors significantly influence compliance with MMT, while environmental and behavioral factors, such as family history and heroin dosage, also play key roles. Individuals with a family history of addiction often show more severe opioid dependence symptoms (9). Family-related risk factors, including prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and inadequate care, lower parental education, neglect, and exposure to substance use within the family, contribute to the risk of drug abuse (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Factors for Methadone Maintenance Treatment Compliance: Exploring Resistance and Tolerance in Heroin Addiction

Makvand,

Mirtorabi,

Campbell

et al. 2024

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci

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Background: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been a cornerstone in heroin addiction management. However, its efficacy varies among individuals. The complex interplay of genetic backgrounds and demographic data could influence the response to MMT in heroin addiction. No previous adoption study has aimed to merge these findings into a potential pre-treatment screening tool. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the combined influence of dopamine and opioid receptors and receptor endocytosis machinery genes, individual genetic backgrounds, and demographic data on the response to MMT in patients with heroin addiction. Methods: We enrolled 80 heroin addicts receiving MMT for 3 months alongside 80 healthy individuals in a comparative study. The approach utilized multinomial, linear, and binary logistic regression analyses to investigate the interplay of genetic factors (DRD1-5, opioid receptors [µ1, δ1, and κ1], DNM1L, RAB22A, and COMT), demographic independent variables, including, family history, heroin duration, age onset, heroin dose, and methadone dose, and clinical markers Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) with compliance with MMT protocols. Results: Results revealed that a positive family history and a higher level of heroin dose significantly predicted poor compliance to MMT. Additionally, the patients with lower expression levels of DRD2 and higher expression levels of DNM1L and COMT genes were at higher risk for poor compliance with the treatment. Conclusions: By utilizing a comprehensive dataset of gene expression profiles and demographic and clinical parameters, this study developed a regression model predicting resistance or response to methadone. This innovative approach seeks to bridge the gap between pharmacogenomics and clinical practice and offer a potential pre-treatment screening tool for personalized MMT strategies in opioid addiction management. The obtained findings hold intriguing promise for future research, potentially unlocking deeper insights into the underlying risk factors of addiction.

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“…One previous study investigated the genetic correlation, pleiotropy, and causal relationships between substance use and psychiatric disorder, suggesting that common risk factors such as specific genes and environmental factors may be risk factors that contribute to both substance abuse and mental disorders [ 28 , 29 ]. Many individuals with additional mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression may use substances as self-medication which can make symptoms worse over time and can lead to severe mental illness and cause substance disorders abuse [ 30 ]. Vice versa, substance use and substance use disorder can cause the appearance of other mental disorders due to changes in brain structures and functions [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Distress in the Republic of Serbia, the Association of Social Characteristics and Substance Use on a National Representative Sample of Serbia

Tadic

Terzić-Šupić

Todorović

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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This study examined the association between social characteristics, substance use, and psychological distress in a national representative sample of adults in Serbia. It was a secondary analysis of the National Survey on Lifestyles in Serbia: Substance Abuse and Gambling 2018. The study included a total of 2000 participants aged 18 to 65 from the general population in Serbia. Psychological distress was examined using the Kessler 6 questionnaire. There were a total of 945 male participants (47.3%) and 1055 (52.8%) female participants. The average age was 37.83 ± 13.61 years. The prevalence of a high risk of psychological distress was 5.2% (103/2000), while the prevalence of moderate risk of psychological distress was 15.2% (303/2000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being male, having poor self-rated health, having poor subjective financial status, binge drinking in the past year, and lifetime use of any illicit drug were associated with a higher likelihood of having a high risk of psychological distress. One in six adults in Serbia has a high risk of psychological distress, while one in twenty has a moderate risk. The findings of this study urge targeted actions to protect and improve the health of people in psychological distress and drug and alcohol users.

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Family, Individual, and Other Risk Factors Contributing to Risk of Substance Abuse in Young Adults: A Narrative Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Predictive factors for severe outcomes in substance abuse-related emergency visits: A 5-year retrospective analysis at a medical center in Taiwan

Predictive factors for severe outcomes in substance abuse-related emergency visits: A 5-year retrospective analysis at a medical center in Taiwan

Predictive Factors for Methadone Maintenance Treatment Compliance: Exploring Resistance and Tolerance in Heroin Addiction

Psychological Distress in the Republic of Serbia, the Association of Social Characteristics and Substance Use on a National Representative Sample of Serbia

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