Family History of Cardiovascular Disease, Perceived Cardiovascular Disease Risk, and Health-Related Behavior

Abstract

Background Over 82 million Americans have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), accounting for 32.8% of all deaths in the United States. Although the evidence for the familial aggregation of CVD is strong, the relationship between family history (FH) of CVD, perceived risk for CVD and their relationship to health-related behavior is poorly understood. Objective The objective of this article is to review and summarize the published research on the relationship between a FH of CVD, an individual’s perceived risk, and health-related behavior in order to make recommendations for clinical practice and future research. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and PsycINFO to identify articles that examined the relationship between a FH of CVD, perceived CVD risk, and health-promoting behaviors. A total of 263 unique articles were reviewed. Two hundred thirty-eight were excluded, resulting in a total of 25 articles included in the paper. Results There was a positive relationship between a reported FH of CVD and perceived risk. However, the relationship between a FH of CVD and health-related behavior change and perceived risk and behavior change was inconsistent. Conclusions A person’s awareness of their FH of CVD or their own risk for CVD is not a sufficient predictor of changes in their health-related behavior. Future studies are needed to better explain the processes by which perceived CVD risk or FH of CVD can be used to affect health-related behavior changes. It appears that both FH and perceived personal risk for CVD are necessary but not sufficient conditions to change health-related behavior in high-risk populations. Future studies should also test interventions that help individuals with a FH of CVD attribute increased personal risk to themselves for developing CVD, while providing lifestyle management options to minimize their risk.

Nicotinic acid and derivatives as multifunctional pharmacophores for medical applications

“…It was noted that GPR109A activation is required for antilipolytic activity. Thus, the structural feature of GPR109A as well as its binding with nicotinic acid Recently in 2010, 2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrido [2,3] pyrimidin-4(3)-one (3) possessing fused pyridine and pyrimidinone rings as a core structure was docked onto the human GPR109A receptor. The molecular docking result showed that nitrogen atoms in both pyridine and pyrimidinone rings interact with positively charged residue of arginine 111 in TMH3 of GPR109A as well as using the carbonyl group of pyrimidinone binds to hydroxyl group of serine 178 of ECL2 through hydrogen bonding [96].…”

“…However, high in vitro clearance rate of the 2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrido pyrimidinone compound (3) was reported. In order to overcome this problem, the 2-trifluoromethyl (CF 3 ) group of compound 3 was optimized to achieve a new analog as 2-((4-fluorophenethoxy)methyl) pyrido [2,3] pyrimidin-4(3)-one (4) which exhibited both good binding activity and low microsomal clearance rate.…”

“…Vitamin B 3 has not only been applied for therapeutics but also has been widely employed for cosmetic purposes. Several cosmetic products contain vitamin B 3 as a key ingredient due to its antioxidant [78], antiwrinkle [50,79], and whitening effects [50,78].…”

“…So far, the issue of human being wellness is still of prime importance. In this era of globalization, changing behavior, such as consuming high fat diet, smoking, drinking alcohol, and lacking of exercise, leads to increase risks of many diseases, especially, cardiovascular disease [1][2][3].…”

“…Cardiovascular disease is one of the major concerning health problems leading to morbidity and mortality worldwide [3][4][5]. Atherosclerosis is a vascular condition [6,7] referring to the accumulation of immune cells and lipids in vascular walls, resulting in the formation of plaques, narrowed arteries, and loss of vascular plasticity.…”