Family history of cancer and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus: a case–control study in Kashmir, India

Abstract

Background:Only a few studies have examined the association between family history of cancer (FHC) and the risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in high incidence areas of ESCC. We conducted a case–control study to evaluate the relationship between FHC and ESCC risk in Kashmir, India, with analysis of detailed epidemiological data and information on multiple gene polymorphisms.Methods:We collected detailed information on FHC and a number of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, and also obtained blood samples for genetic analysis from 703 histopathologically confirmed ESCC cases and 1664 individually matched controls. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).Results:Participants who had FHC showed a strong association with ESCC risk, and the risk was stronger when first-degree relatives (FDRs) had FHC (OR=6.8; 95% CI=4.6–9.9). Having a sibling with a cancer showed the strongest association (OR=10.8; 95% CI=6.0–19.3), but having a child with a cancer was not associated with ESCC risk. A history of any cancer in the spouse was also associated with ESCC risk (OR=4.1; 95% CI=1.6–10.2). Those with two or more relatives with FHC were at a higher risk of ESCC. After restricting FHC to familial ESCC only, the above associations were strengthened, except when spouses were affected with ESCC (OR=2.5; 95% CI=0.7–8.9). When we examined the associations between several single-nucleotide polymorphisms and ESCC in those with and without FHC, the associations of variant genotypes in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and CYP2D6 and the wild genotype of CYP2E1 with ESCC were much stronger in those with FHC. The FHC had an additive interaction with several risk factors of ESCC in this population.Conclusion:Our results showed that FHC was strongly associated with ESCC risk in Kashmir. It seems both genetic factors and shared environment are involved in this association.

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene polymorphisms are associated with a multiple family history of gastric cancer

“…Familial aggregation of GC may be caused by shared environmental factors as well as common genetic backgrounds [7]. There are several reports showing the association between some genetic polymorphisms and GC or other cancer risks among individuals with a family history of cancers [8,9].…”

Gene polymorphism of cytochrome P450 significantly affects lung cancer susceptibility

“…Studies have indicated that polymorphisms of CYP2D6 imposed an increased risk of breast cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in those people with a family history of cancers. 43,44 Zienolddiny S et al found that CYP2D6 and CYP1B1 increased genetic susceptibility to NSCLC. 45 In addition, Lee JY et al showed that hydroxychloroquine metabolism was related to CYP2D6 rs1065852 polymorphisms.…”

Peer Review #1 of "The prognostic value of tumor length to resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study (v0.1)"

“…Very few studies explore the prognostic value of family history of cancer to ESCC. Other studies have shown that family history of any cancer in first-degree relatives was one of the risk factor for ESCC (Bhat et al 2015;Gao et al 2009), and Chen et al proved that family history of EC was the risk factor of ESCC (Chen et al 2015). In addition, Jiang et al indicated that family history of EC was one of the independent prognostic factors for survival of ESCC (Yuequan et al 2010).…”