Family Factors in the Development, Treatment, and Prevention of Childhood Anxiety Disorders

Drake, Kelly L.; Ginsburg, Golda S.

doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0109-0

Cited by 150 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 192 publications

(227 reference statements)

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“…Much of this work has focused on identifying the processes and conditions through which different parenting styles are linked with anxiety and depression. Parenting styles represent broad tendencies that are typically stratified or categorized across different dimensions of control versus autonomy, warmth versus rejection, or demandingness and responsiveness (Drake and Ginsburg 2012;Rohner et al 2005). Parenting styles are thought to play an important role in the development of important skills and competencies necessary for healthy emotional adjustment and wellbeing throughout one's life (e.g., Chang et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observed Mother and Father Rejection and Control: Association With Child Social Anxiety, General Anxiety, and Depression

Morris

Oosterhoff

2016

J Child Fam Stud

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The parent-child relationship has been recognized as an important micro-ecological context that is thought to influence child anxiety and depression. Much contemporary research has examined child-reports of broad parenting behaviors (e.g., rejection, overprotection) and has overwhelmingly focused on the mother-child relationship. Little research has examined specific parenting behaviors that may be associated with child anxiety and depression, and whether these processes are similar for mothers and fathers and boys and girls. Using a parentchild interaction task, we examined associations among specific mother and father behaviors and child-reported general anxiety, social anxiety, and depression, and explored whether these associations were moderated by child gender. Participants were 90 children (50 % female) aged 9-12 years (Mage = 10.28, SD = 1.22), 90 fathers (Mage = 43.78, SD = 6.31) and 90 mothers (Mage = 40.67, SD = 4.97). Children completed measures of social anxiety, general anxiety, and depression. Families participated in a video-recorded blindly rated interaction task that provided indices of verbal and nonverbal rejection and controlling behaviors. Mothers' physical takeovers (unsolicited physical assistance) were associated with greater child social anxiety and mothers' denial of requests for reassurance were associated with greater child general anxiety. Fathers' critical statements were associated with child-reported depression. Several child gender differences were noted. Findings from our study suggest that mothers' and fathers' specific parenting behaviors are differentially associated with children's social anxiety, general anxiety and depression-and these processes may vary by child gender.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observed Mother and Father Rejection and Control: Association With Child Social Anxiety, General Anxiety, and Depression

Morris

Oosterhoff

2016

J Child Fam Stud

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“…Beside the lack of consistent evidence of the added value of involving parents, it is also rarely investigated whether involving parents actually improves their parenting with regard to anxiety enhancing parenting and whether involving the family improves family functioning (Breinholst et al 2012;Drake and Ginsburg 2012;Ginsburg et al 2004), or does so to a larger extent than when treating the child alone. That is, it might be that when a child is successfully treated with CCBT, parental overprotection will decrease as a result.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parenting, Family Functioning and Anxiety-Disordered Children: Comparisons to Controls, Changes After Family Versus Child CBT

Jongerden

Bögels

2014

J Child Fam Stud

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We examined (1) whether families of clinicreferred anxiety-disordered children are characterized by anxiety-enhancing parenting and family functioning, compared to control families; (2) whether family cognitivebehavioral therapy (FCBT) for anxiety-disordered children decreases anxiety-enhancing parenting and family functioning more so than child-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CCBT); (3) whether anxiety-disordered children benefit more from therapy in the long-term when parents display less anxiety enhancing parenting and family functioning. The referred sample consisted of 104 anxietydisordered children (8-18 year-olds) and their families, randomized to FCBT or CCBT. The control sample consisted of 44 families from the general population. At pretreatment (referred and control sample), posttreatment, 3-months and 1-year follow up (referred sample), children's anxiety disorders were assessed by the ADIS-C/P. Child and parents' anxiety symptoms, parenting behaviors (autonomy granting, overprotection, rejection) and family functioning (relational functioning, family control) were assessed with questionnaires. Parent-reported autonomy granting and family relational functioning were lower in the referred versus control families. Child-reported autonomy granting was higher in the referred families. Anxietyenhancing parenting/family functioning decreased after FCBT and CCBT, with no differences between treatments. Good family relational functioning at posttreatment predicted more improvement on anxiety measurements at the long term for adolescents, but not for school-aged children. The generally hold idea that certain parenting styles and family functioning cause child anxiety, and need to be specifically targeted in the treatment of anxious children, is not supported. Good relational functioning within adolescent's families however is associated with better long-term outcome on anxiety, suggesting that families can support the maintenance of treatment gains.

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“…It is also possible that some parental punitive reactions in response to anxious children's signs of distress may inadvertently ''force'' approach to feared situations (e.g., ''you are going the birthday party, or you will not play videogames tomorrow'') among children with high levels of interpretation biases. At the same time, prior studies have shown that parents of children with (vs. without) clinical anxiety display greater over-involvement and overprotective behaviors (as opposed to punitive responses), and that such reactions contribute to elevated anxiety (Drake and Ginsburg 2012). Given that moderator findings with the punitive subscale of the CCNES were specific to mother reports of child anxiety, it is also possible that high-punitive mothers may simply underreport their children's true levels of anxiety, as they are by definition more likely to disapprove of such symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Parental Emotion Socialization Strategies and Their Interaction with Child Interpretation Biases Among Children with Anxiety Disorders

et al. 2016

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Children's interpretations of events play a significant role in childhood anxiety, and research shows that the parenting environment, in particular, is an important contributor to the manner in which children interpret their experiences. This study examined associations between parental use of punitive and minimization reactions to children's displays of negative affect, child interpretation biases (self-reports and computerized assessments), and child anxiety symptom severity in a clinical sample of children with anxiety disorders. Forty-four children between 8-12 years of age (M = 9.60, SD = 1.30; 52 % girls; 52 % African American) and their mothers (M = 38.48, SD = 6.86; 57 % married) participated in this study. Child interpretation biases were significantly associated with child-reported anxiety symptoms. Moderation analyses revealed a positive relation between self-reported interpretation biases and anxiety symptoms for children of low-minimization and low-punitive mothers. Likewise, a positive relation between computerized interpretation biases and mother-reported child anxiety symptoms was found for children of low-minimization and low-punitive mothers. However, a negative relationship between computerized interpretation biases and mother-reported child anxiety symptoms was found for children of highminimization and high-punitive mothers. Findings and implications are discussed in the context of how these parental reactions may be addressed and incorporated in childhood anxiety treatments.

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Family Factors in the Development, Treatment, and Prevention of Childhood Anxiety Disorders

Cited by 150 publications

References 192 publications

Observed Mother and Father Rejection and Control: Association With Child Social Anxiety, General Anxiety, and Depression

Observed Mother and Father Rejection and Control: Association With Child Social Anxiety, General Anxiety, and Depression

Parenting, Family Functioning and Anxiety-Disordered Children: Comparisons to Controls, Changes After Family Versus Child CBT

Parental Emotion Socialization Strategies and Their Interaction with Child Interpretation Biases Among Children with Anxiety Disorders

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