Familiarity and Interest in Working with Livestock Decreases the Odds of Having Positive Attitudes towards Non-Human Animals and Their Welfare among Veterinary Students in Italy

Abstract

Simple SummaryVeterinary students are the future generation of veterinary practitioners. Therefore, their attitudes towards non-human animals and animal welfare have a substantial impact on animal welfare itself. This study investigated the attitudes of veterinary students in Italy. The findings suggest that factors such as female gender, familiarity with pets, or the intention to work with pet species, as well as an animal-free diet, and membership in an animal rights association are the predictors of a very positive attitude towards animals and their welfare. Familiarity and intention to work with livestock is instead associated with a less positive attitude. Students also considered the freedom to express normal behaviours and the freedom from fear and distress to be less important for livestock than for pets. Veterinary curricula should take these findings into account to improve the attitudes of students in order to improve animal welfare, especially the welfare of livestock.AbstractWe investigated the attitudes of veterinary students towards animals and their welfare in Italy. Regression analyses revealed predictors that are significant in differentiating students’ scoring tendency based on their gender, familiarity, and intention to work with a specific animal species, type of diet, and membership in an animal rights association. Female students, who were mostly familiar with pets and aspired to work with species other than livestock, following an animal-free diet and being a member of an animal rights association, had a significantly greater odds of having a high Animal Attitude Scale score (AAS), i.e., very positive attitude towards animals, versus a less positive attitude. Conversely, the familiarity with livestock and preference for working with livestock significantly increased the odds of a low AAS. Overall, students considered all of the Brambell Report’s Five Freedoms important for animal welfare protection. However, students scored higher for companion animals than for livestock, particularly regarding the freedom to express normal behaviour and the absence of fear and distress. This study suggests that veterinary students place less importance on the psychological aspects of welfare for livestock, and there is a tendency for students who are mostly familiar, or aspire to work, with livestock to have a less positive attitude towards non-human animals and their welfare. These findings should be considered within the veterinary educational curriculum due to their potential impact on animal welfare.

Opinions towards Companion Animals and Their Welfare: A Survey of Croatian Veterinary Students

“…Lower attitudes towards animals and their welfare in veterinary students at higher study years were also recorded in other studies [6,[14][15][16]. In addition, previous studies showed veterinary students to express more positive attitudes and opinions towards CA welfare than towards farm animal welfare [17][18][19][20]. We wondered whether it also held true for Croatian veterinary students.…”

“…Similar results on owning CA by veterinary students have been reported by Magnani et al [19] as well. Another reason for veterinary students aspiring at having their career focused on CA could be that the study is predominated by female students who are mainly familiar with CA and strive to work with species other than farm animals [20]. The more so, considering the livestock reduction in Croatia [25], veterinary students can be expected to choose the CA segment of veterinary medicine, which has a stable foundation and is developing at a fast rate.…”

Exploring Attitudes toward Animal Welfare through the Lens of Subjectivity—An Application of Q-Methodology

“…During the third step, consisting of the selection of the participants (P-set), we constructed a purposive sample [103,114] of 36 veterinary students who had completed the first three years of studies and were attending the first year of a master's degree in animal production. This was justified by their strong knowledge of animal welfare and their familiarity with the various facets of animal husbandry [115][116][117][118][119][120]. They have the potential to influence the meaning of animal welfare in the future by becoming stakeholders or being involved in policy processes.…”

“…These spaces and those existing between them (−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3) force the participants to classify the statements on AW according to the intensity of their disagreement, neutrality or agreement. We used a forced symmetric distribution [117] that obliges respondents to catalog the statements in the predefined grid [112].…”

“…These spaces and those existing between them (−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3) force the participants to classify the statements on AW according to the intensity of their disagreement, neutrality or agreement. We used a forced symmetric distribution [117] that obliges respondents to catalog the statements in the predefined grid [112]. The last step is performing an inverted factor analysis [83,[123][124][125], since a typical factor analysis focuses on the discovery of correlations between variables, whereas the Q-methodology aims to show the correlations between people [89].…”