“…parvum in the lab. However, molecular detection of pathogens remain cumbersome, and there are many species of organisms in natural water, which may lead to false positive results of PCR analysis. , PCR analysis typically requires a very clean environment, which limits the application of IMS combined PCR in the context of on-site diagnosis of pathogens. On the other hand, IMS technology has been applied extensively in separating and diagnosing various types of microorganisms, including bacteria, − viruses, , and parasites , from environmental samples due to its prominent advantages such as rapidity, low cost, and effectiveness.…”