False memories of fabricated political events

Frenda, Steven J.; Knowles, Eric D.; Saletan, William; Loftus, Elizabeth F.

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.013

Cited by 116 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In a most recent study, Frenda et al [21] performed a memory study, whereby 5,269 participants have been asked about four political events. Among these four events, one of them was fabricated and, to support this fake event, one fake image related to it was also included.…”

Section: The Image Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Computing and Machine Learning Techniques for Digital Forensics

Carvalho

Pedrini

Rocha

2015

RITA

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A rapidez com que diversos campos da ciência vêm avançando dia após dia é notável. Em especial, os avanços tecnológicos têm impressionado muitas pessoas, uma vez que introduzem em suas vidas fatos que vão além da imaginação. Inspirados em métodos anteriormente apresentados por programas de ficção científica, a comunidade ligada à área de Computação criou um novo campo de pesquisa denominado Análise Forense de Documentos Digitais, o qual foca em desenvolver e implantar métodos capazes de auxiliar na luta contra crimes digitais, tais como a falsificação de imagens digitais. Este artigo apresenta alguns dos principais conceitos relacionados à Análise Forense de Documentos Digitais e, de forma complementar, apresenta algumas das mais recentes e poderosas técnicas baseadas em conceitos provenientes das áreas de Computação Gráfica, Processamento de Imagens, Visão Computacional e Aprendizado de Máquina para detectar falsificações em fotografias digitais. Alguns tópicos que são abordados neste trabalho incluem: atribuição de fonte, detecção de ataques, detecção de pornografia, filogenia multimídia e detecção de falsificações. Por fim, este trabalho destaca os desafios e problemas em aberto no campo da Análise Forense de Imagens Digitais para que os leitores se familiarizem com as oportunidades de pesquisa disponíveis. Visual Computing and Machine Learning Techniques for Digital ForensicsAbstract: It is impressive how fast science has improved day by day in so many different fields. In special, technology advances are shocking so many people bringing to their reality facts that previously were beyond their imagination. Inspired by methods earlier presented in scientific fiction shows, the computer science community has created a new research area named Digital Forensics, which aims at developing and deploying methods for fighting against digital crimes such as digital image forgery. This work presents some of the main concepts associated with Digital Forensics and, complementarily, presents some recent and powerful techniques relying on Computer Graphics, Image Processing, Computer Vision and Machine Learning concepts for detecting forgeries in photographs. Some topics addressed in this work include: source attribution, spoofing detection, pornography detection, multimedia phylogeny, and forgery detection. Finally, this work highlights the challenges and open problems in Digital Image Forensics to provide the readers with the myriad opportunities available for research.

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Section: The Image Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Computing and Machine Learning Techniques for Digital Forensics

Carvalho

Pedrini

Rocha

2015

RITA

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“…With regard to creating false memories for events within historical or political contexts through the digital manipulation of images, Sacchi et al (2007) were able to digitally alter an iconic image from Time magazine of a single student standing in front of a line of tanks to make people remember larger crowds of protesters at that event, as well as a photo of a well-known, peaceful, anti-war protest in Italy to make Italian participants remember it as more violent. Also, Frenda et al (2013) Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, but that people tended to remember these kinds of false events more frequently when they were congruent with their current political beliefs. One hypothesis put forth by Frenda et al (2013) for why beliefcongruence in terms of political ideology may influence the acceptance of doctored images, and the subsequent occurrence of false memories in this way, was that it is easier for people to accept new information concerning a person they dislike doing something they disapprove of than a person they dislike doing something they approve of or a person they like doing something they disapprove of, hence leading to a greater degree of perceived realism and imaginability for the occurrence.…”

Section: Memorymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Also, Frenda et al (2013) Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, but that people tended to remember these kinds of false events more frequently when they were congruent with their current political beliefs. One hypothesis put forth by Frenda et al (2013) for why beliefcongruence in terms of political ideology may influence the acceptance of doctored images, and the subsequent occurrence of false memories in this way, was that it is easier for people to accept new information concerning a person they dislike doing something they disapprove of than a person they dislike doing something they approve of or a person they like doing something they disapprove of, hence leading to a greater degree of perceived realism and imaginability for the occurrence. These findings are generally consistent with and seem to potentially be an extension of the general pattern found in motivated reasoning research that belief-congruence influence how people interpret new information (Boysen & Vogel, 2007;Boysen & Vogel, 2008;Corner et al ., 2012;Levine & Robinson, 1943;Lord, et al, 1984;Lordet al, 1979;Munro et al, 2004;Plous, 1991), and can potentially be explained by notions that there may be something not only emotionally, but also physiologically aversive about learning of a favored political figure's questionable actions (Westen et al, 2006).…”

Section: Memorymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Often researchers study memory intrusions using impersonal word lists in a lab setting (Leding, 2011). However, it is not uncommon for researchers to also attempt to create false memories in people for more meaningful, or at least more personal, events through a number of more complex, potentially more ecologically valid methods (Berkowitz et al, 2008;Bernstein & Loftus, 2009;Desjardins & Scorbia, 2007;Frenda, Knowles, Saletan, & Loftus, 2013;Sacchi, Agnoli, & Loftus, 2007;Strange, Hayne, & Garry, 2008;Wade, Garry, Read, & Lindsay, 2002).…”

Section: Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fabricated analyses of personality exams and food history questionnaires have been used to alter food preferences within certain limits by convincing people they had negative experiences with certain foods as children (Bernstein & Loftus, 2009). Also, much has been done in recent years to create false memories for both personal experiences and major political events through the digital manipulation of both family photographs and images relating to historical events and political figures (Frenda, Knowles, Saletan, & Loftus, 2013;Sacchi, Agnoli, & Loftus, 2007;Strange, Hayne, & Garry, 2008;Wade, Garry, Read, & Lindsay, 2002).…”

Section: Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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People often encounter conflicting information on a wide array of topics. How they evaluate this information in relation to their current beliefs, and the effects of other influences, such as the weight given to superficial aspects of the information (e.g., pictures, anecdotes, or jargon that are at most minimally related to an author's argument), has been of interest to researchers for many years. One component of their processing and evaluation of this information is their memory for the information. This study set out to examine the following questions: (1) Is belief-congruent information remembered better or worse than belief incongruent information? (2) Does the addition of superficial scientific information to belief-congruent or belief-incongruent information influence how well the newly presented information is remembered? (3) Does repeated testing have an effect on memory for the information? (4) Do any of these factors elicit a greater number of memory intrusions in a free recall task?

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Eyewitness Testimony

Berkowitz

Enright²,

Bowman-Fowler³

et al. 2015

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Real‐life cases demonstrate that mistaken eyewitness memory is one of the leading causes of wrongful convictions. Over the past 40 years, eyewitness memory researchers have investigated the myriad factors that can influence and distort eyewitnesses' memories. In addition, researchers have identified certain lineup procedures that can reduce the possibility of a mistaken identification. The following article summarizes this large body of scientific research and highlights a couple of emerging issues in the field of eyewitness memory.

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False memories of fabricated political events

Cited by 116 publications

References 22 publications

Visual Computing and Machine Learning Techniques for Digital Forensics

Visual Computing and Machine Learning Techniques for Digital Forensics

Influence Of Seductive Details, Belief-Congruence, And Repeated Testing On Memory For Controversial Information

Eyewitness Testimony

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