Falconry (Hawking) in Hittite Lands

Canby, Jeanny Vorys

doi:10.1086/469022

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…There are few other wild species that share such an intimate, age-old, and complex relationship with human culture, and no cultural practices so central to this relationship as falconry. While the origins of falconry are hotly debated (Epstein, 1943;Negro, 2018), there is reasonably strong evidence that falconry has been practiced in the Middle East for at least 5,000 years (Canby, 2002). This timeline suggests that falcon husbandry is more recent than that of pigeons (~10,000 BC; Shapiro & Domyan, 2013) and chickens (~6,000 BC; Tixier-Boichard, Bed'hom, & Rognon, 2011), but older than that of turkeys (300 BC-100 AD; Thornton et al, 2012).…”

Section: Falconry: An Ancient Cultural Heritage Of Contemporary Ecomentioning

confidence: 99%

Falcon genomics in the context of conservation, speciation, and human culture

Wilcox

Boissinot

Idaghdour

2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Here, we review the diversity, evolutionary history, and genomics of falcons in the context of their conservation and interactions with humans, and provide a perspective on how new genomic approaches may be applied to expand our knowledge of these topics. For millennia, humans and falcons (genus Falco) have developed unique relationships through falconry, religious rituals, conservation efforts, and human lifestyle transitions. From an evolutionary perspective, falcons remain an enigma. Having experienced several recent radiations, they have reached an unparalleled and almost global distribution, with an intrageneric species richness that is roughly an order of magnitude higher than typical within their family (Falconidae) and across other birds (Phylum: Aves). This diversity has evolved in the context of unusual genomic architecture that includes unique chromosomal rearrangements, relatively low chromosome counts, extremely low microdeletion rates, and high levels of nuclear mitochondrial DNA segments (NUMTs). These genomic peculiarities combine with high levels of ecological and organismal diversity and a legacy of human interactions to make falcons obvious candidates for evolutionary studies, providing unique research opportunities in common topics, including chromosomal evolution, the mechanics of speciation, local adaptation, domestication, and urban adaptation.

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Section: Falconry: An Ancient Cultural Heritage Of Contemporary Ecomentioning

confidence: 99%

Falcon genomics in the context of conservation, speciation, and human culture

Wilcox

Boissinot

Idaghdour

2019

Ecology and Evolution

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“…13;Prayon 1987, pl. 25-26) with roots reaching back into the Late Bronze Age (Canby 2002). Yet it is only in compositions on metalwork from the lower Danube that these masters of the three elements hunt both fish and hare simultaneously (Figure 6; Schneider and Zazoff 1994, pp.…”

Section: The Iconography Of Hierarchy and Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Violent Raiding, Systematic Slaving, and Sweeping Depopulation? Re-Evaluating the Scythian Impact on Central Europe through the Lens of the Witaszkowo/Vettersfelde Hoard

Nebelsick

2024

Arts

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In 1882, the lavishly decorated golden regalia of a steppe nomad warrior prince, which was crafted in the late sixth century BCE in a “bilingual” Scythian–Milesian workshop on the Black Sea coast, was found on the edge of a Lusatian swamp 120 km southeast of Berlin. Its discovery and the ongoing findings of steppe nomad armaments—arrows, battle axes, and swords—in central Europe have led to a lively debate about the nature of Scythian–Indigenous interaction in the Early Iron Age, ranging from benign visions of long-term acculturation to violent scenarios of short-term raiding. In this article, I argue that an analysis of the iconography of the Witaszkowo hoard and new information from excavations at its find spot make it likely that it was sent as a diplomatic gift by Scythian elites to an indigenous leader and deposited by the local community as a votive hoard. An affirmation of the compact chronological range of Scythian artefacts found in the west, growing evidence for the destruction of indigenous strongholds by horse-borne archers, and concurrent evidence for the drastic depopulation of vast landscapes in the second half of the sixth century BCE allow us to envisage the gifting of this hoard as an episode of a fierce and destructive altercation. It is posited that this onslaught was a facet of the western thrust of the Lydian and Persian Empires, and that its extirpative impact was the result of systematic, commercially driven slaving triggered by the concurrent monetisation of the economies of the Black Sea coast. The effects of these raids on Eastern Central Europe’s later prehistoric communities are made manifest by analogies to the disastrous ramifications of the transatlantic slave trade on societies of 16th-to-18th-century West Africa.

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“…The earliest convincing evidence for falconry to date is from Anatolia, dating to the early third millennium bc (Canby 2002; Wallis 2014). The possible use of later prehistoric stone wrist-guards in Britain as an element of falconry equipment to protect the arm from a raptor's talons (Sheppard 1930; Woodward & Hunter 2011) has added to the debate over falconry's genesis, but I have demonstrated from a falconer's perspective that these objects would be impractical as falconry equipment (Wallis 2014).…”

Section: The Northwest Essex Ringmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ‘Northwest Essex Anglo-Saxon Ring’, Falconry and Pagan–Christian Discursive Space

Wallis

2020

CAJ

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A unique gold finger ring, dated stylistically to c.ad 580–650, was discovered by metal-detecting in Essex in 2011. The ‘northwest Essex Anglo-Saxon ring’ is highly decorated with Style II art and shows a distinctive juxtaposition of ‘pagan’ and ‘Christian’ imagery including birds of prey and an anthropomorphic figure holding a long cross in the right hand, a raptor in the left. In this article, I consider the possibility that the object provides further evidence that falconry was practised in early Anglo-Saxon England. I begin by examining the finger ring itself and the imagery upon it, situating this within an Anglo-Saxon and broader Continental context. I then explore the possible social context of the ring, focusing on the ‘ideology of predation’ within which falconry, as a high-status hunting pursuit, may have been performed. Evaluating the hybrid ‘pagan’ and ‘Christian’ elements of the imagery, I suggest that falconry, and the ring itself as a high-status and possibly royal object, may have played important roles in the dynamics of pagan–Christian ‘discursive space’.

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Falconry (Hawking) in Hittite Lands

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Falcon genomics in the context of conservation, speciation, and human culture

Falcon genomics in the context of conservation, speciation, and human culture

Violent Raiding, Systematic Slaving, and Sweeping Depopulation? Re-Evaluating the Scythian Impact on Central Europe through the Lens of the Witaszkowo/Vettersfelde Hoard

The ‘Northwest Essex Anglo-Saxon Ring’, Falconry and Pagan–Christian Discursive Space

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