Falconiformes (Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, Kites, Harriers, Buzzards, Ospreys, Caracaras, Secretary Birds, Old World and New World Vultures)

Lacasse, Claude

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-7397-8.00017-7

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…As noted by van Wassenbergh & Baeckens (2019) and Lacasse (2015), there is a common understanding that the beak is specialized in feeding -a small, heavy beak can crush, a long beak has a probe-like function, the beak bent towards the tip tears the prey. Our results regarding the division of the beak are similar with the report of other authors (Denbow, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparative Anatomy of the Upper Digestive System in 26 Species of Zoophagous-Polyphagous Palearctic Birds

Preja,

Cipou,

Martonos

et al. 2023

Int. J. Morphol.

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Birds are the most diversified organisms on Earth, with species covering various niches in each major biome, being essential to understand the modern ecosystem. This study concentrates on the diversification of the anatomical structure of the upper digestive tract for 26 species of zoophage-polyphagous birds and the anatomical differences in the digestive system to reveal aspects related to their evolution and diversification. The trophic spectrum of the selected birds includes several categories of food, or, as in the case of strictly carnivorous birds, to a single food category. After performing the dissections, the digestive tract was separated from the carcass and each digestive segment was measured and analysed. In this study, it was demonstrated that the birds' feeding behaviour influence the macroscopic particularities of the digestive system, more visible in the cranial portion (oropharyngeal cavity, esophagus, proventriculus and gizzard), with little descriptive information in the literature. The tongue is poorly developed and immobile in piscivorous birds, while the tongue of insectivorous birds is long and moves considerably away from the tip of the bill. The esophagus was stretchable and presents longitudinal folds on its entire surface in piscivorous species and not extensible in insectivorous birds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparative Anatomy of the Upper Digestive System in 26 Species of Zoophagous-Polyphagous Palearctic Birds

Preja,

Cipou,

Martonos

et al. 2023

Int. J. Morphol.

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“…Rickets is a metabolic bone disease that can cause bone dysplasia and deformities in chicks, as well as osteomalacia and fractures in growing raptors owing to calcium deficiency-induced lack of bone growth [ 1 , 10 , 12 ]. Rickets has been widely known to cause cage paralysis in terms of calcium disorders in captive zoo animals [ 5 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although rarely observed in the wild, it has been reported in various forms in captivity, especially in wild animals that have been kept in zoos [ 9 , 10 ]. As there is a clear cause, early detection can lead to better treatment [ 12 ]. To the best of our knowledge, rickets has never been described in Korea in white-tailed eagle chick.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, euthanasia is recommended for animal welfare [ 6 , 7 ]. In the wild or reared state, wherein the eagle chick is naturally raised by the mother, the high calcium content in the maternal saliva can counteract balance any calcium deficiencies and facilitate normal growth [ 7 , 12 ]. However, as the mother could not raise the chick and it was raised by zookeepers, the calcium balance could not be restored without intervention.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A case of rickets in an artificially raised white-tailed eagle (<i>Haliaeetus albicilla</i>) chick at a zoo

KIM

2023

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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A two-week-old white-tailed eagle presented with an inability to stand and flex its limbs. Despite hatching naturally and owing to lack of parental attention, the bird was raised indoors by zookeepers with no access to sunlight. Palpation and radiographic examination of the bilateral tibiotarsus and femur bone revealed pronounced deformation and curvature, and bilateral decreased bone densities, respectively. The reduced calcium concentration in the blood was treated with calcium gluconate injections and calcium-supplemented feeds. Chopped mouse tails were fed directly, and whole pinkskinned nude mice were fed weekly. The zookeeper also gently massaged the bird and dressed it with a bandage. Sunlight exposure was provided daily. Saliva containing chicken feed was obtained from the mother. The bird could stand properly after four weeks of treatment, and the blood calcium concentration was restored to normal levels.

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Exceptional preservation and foot structure reveal ecological transitions and lifestyles of early theropod flyers

et al. 2022

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Morphology of keratinised toe pads and foot scales, hinging of foot joints and claw shape and size all inform the grasping ability, cursoriality and feeding mode of living birds. Presented here is morphological evidence from the fossil feet of early theropod flyers. Foot soft tissues and joint articulations are qualitatively assessed using laser-stimulated fluorescence. Pedal claw shape and size are quantitatively analysed using traditional morphometrics. We interpret these foot data among existing evidence to better understand the evolutionary ecology of early theropod flyers. Jurassic flyers like Anchiornis and Archaeopteryx show adaptations suggestive of relatively ground-dwelling lifestyles. Early Cretaceous flyers then diversify into more aerial lifestyles, including generalists like Confuciusornis and specialists like the climbing Fortunguavis. Some early birds, like the Late Jurassic Berlin Archaeopteryx and Early Cretaceous Sapeornis, show complex ecologies seemingly unique among sampled modern birds. As a non-bird flyer, finding affinities of Microraptor to a more specialised raptorial lifestyle is unexpected. Its hawk-like characteristics are rare among known theropod flyers of the time suggesting that some non-bird flyers perform specialised roles filled by birds today. We demonstrate diverse ecological profiles among early theropod flyers, changing as flight developed, and some non-bird flyers have more complex ecological roles.

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Falconiformes (Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, Kites, Harriers, Buzzards, Ospreys, Caracaras, Secretary Birds, Old World and New World Vultures)

Cited by 4 publications

References 56 publications

The Comparative Anatomy of the Upper Digestive System in 26 Species of Zoophagous-Polyphagous Palearctic Birds

The Comparative Anatomy of the Upper Digestive System in 26 Species of Zoophagous-Polyphagous Palearctic Birds

A case of rickets in an artificially raised white-tailed eagle (<i>Haliaeetus albicilla</i>) chick at a zoo

Exceptional preservation and foot structure reveal ecological transitions and lifestyles of early theropod flyers

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