Fairness Versus Reason in the Ultimatum Game

Nowak, Martin A.; Page, Karen M.; Sigmund, Karl

doi:10.1126/science.289.5485.1773

Cited by 644 publications

(488 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Further, when subjects are alone, they do not pull the tool if the food is inaccessible, and they rarely pull for the defector; work in progress aims to quantify the costs and benefits of this action by placing weights on the tool (increasing costs) and manipulating the pay-offs to the recipients. The fact that subjects rapidly discriminated between the altruist and defector, raises the possibility that cooperation may depend on the reputation or image scores of other players, as it does in human games of cooperation (Nowak et al 2000;Milinski et al 2002). Minimally, it shows that tamarins discriminate among individuals based in part on information about their reinforcement or food-giving history.…”

Section: (B) Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back

Hauser

Chen

et al. 2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

177

117

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Altruistic food giving among genetically unrelated individuals is rare in nature. The few examples that exist suggest that when animals give food to unrelated others, they may do so on the basis of mutualistic or reciprocally altruistic relationships. We present the results of four experiments designed to tease apart the factors mediating food giving among genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a cooperatively breeding New World primate. In experiment 1 we show that individuals give significantly more food to a trained conspecific who unilaterally gives food than to a conspecific who unilaterally never gives food. The apparent contingency of the tamarins' food-giving behaviour motivated the design of experiments 2-4. Results from all three experiments show that altruistic food giving is mediated by prior acts of altruistic food giving by a conspecific. Specifically, tamarins do not give food to unrelated others when the food received in the past represents the by-product of another's selfish actions (experiments 2 and 3) or when a human experimenter gives them food (experiment 4) as did the unilateral altruist in experiment 1. By contrast, if one tamarin gives another food without obtaining any immediate benefit, then the recipient is more likely to give food in return. Overall, results show that tamarins altruistically give food to genetically unrelated conspecifics, discriminate between altruistic and selfish actions, and give more food to those who give food back. Tamarins therefore have the psychological capacity for reciprocally mediated altruism.

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Section: (B) Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back

Hauser

Chen

et al. 2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

177

117

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show abstract

“…[49][50][51]), and many of the genetic models for repeated interactions discussed in the previous section are presented as being equally valid for cultural transmission (e.g. [52]). …”

Section: Opinionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and individual learning of helping in humans and other species

Lehmann

Foster

Borenstein

et al. 2008

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

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“…Fairness has been proposed as an implicit shaper of social behaviour. For example, fairness has been shown to restrict profit-seeking in economic markets [2], to shape behaviour in economic games as a function of reputation [3] and to mould instant neural responses to economic offers [4]. In general terms, for species with highly developed sharing and cooperation standards, answering to fairness principles is essential to all its members [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fairness modulates non-conscious facial mimicry in women

et al. 2012

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In societies with high cooperation demands, implicit consensus on social norms enables successful human coexistence. Mimicking other people's actions and emotions has been proposed as a means to synchronize behaviour, thereby enhancing affiliation. Mimicry has long been thought to be reflexive, but it has recently been suggested that mimicry might also be motivationally driven. Here, we show during an economic bargaining game that automatic happy mimicry of those making unfair offers disappears. After the bargaining game, when the proposers have acquired either a fair or unfair reputation, we observe increased angry mimicry of proposers with an unfair reputation and decreased angry mimicry of fair proposers. These findings provide direct empirical evidence that non-conscious mimicry is modulated by fairness. We interpret the present results as reflecting that facial mimicry in women functions conditionally, dependent on situational demands.

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Fairness Versus Reason in the Ultimatum Game

Cited by 644 publications

References 24 publications

Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back

Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back

Social and individual learning of helping in humans and other species

Fairness modulates non-conscious facial mimicry in women

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