Fairness, Regulation of Technology and Enhanced Human: A Comparative Analysis of the Pistorius Case and the Cybathlon

Richard, Rémi; Issanchou, Damien; Férez, Sylvain

doi:10.1080/17511321.2020.1818278

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Athletes with disabilities may also seek equivalence in competitiveness through technological artifacts, such as innovative prostheses, which apparently help to transform people with disabilities into "normal" individuals 42 . This is the case of Oscar Pistorius, to whom the desire to participate in a conventional competition was surrounded by controversy 8 . Richard et al 8 argue that these controversies pointed much more to the fact that the use of modern carbon fiber prostheses could generate a super capacity that would guarantee advantages during the dispute.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is the case of Oscar Pistorius, to whom the desire to participate in a conventional competition was surrounded by controversy 8 . Richard et al 8 argue that these controversies pointed much more to the fact that the use of modern carbon fiber prostheses could generate a super capacity that would guarantee advantages during the dispute. This refers to a stimulus to integrated sports practices that value justice and fair participation of people with disabilities among people without disabilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are the Polish tennis player Natalia Partyka, born without a fully developed forearm, who in the Olympics reached the round of 16 in the single's category, and the South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius, known as "Blade Runner" for using thin prostheses made of carbon fiber in the place of his lower limbs, semi-finalist of the 400-meter race and the finalist of the 4 x 400-meter relay with the South Africa team 7 . Nevertheless, Richard, Issanchou, and Ferez 8 argue that Pistorius' participation in mainstream sport was controversial due to the impossibility of concluding whether or not he gained an unfair advantage over athletes not assisted by technology. Therefore, due to the possible technological advantages brought about by his prostheses, which would hurt the traditional view of Olympic justice, the case of Oscar Pistorius stimulated debate regarding human improvement in sport, even if he had never won a major sporting event competing against athletes without disabilities 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, Richard, Issanchou, and Ferez 8 argue that Pistorius' participation in mainstream sport was controversial due to the impossibility of concluding whether or not he gained an unfair advantage over athletes not assisted by technology. Therefore, due to the possible technological advantages brought about by his prostheses, which would hurt the traditional view of Olympic justice, the case of Oscar Pistorius stimulated debate regarding human improvement in sport, even if he had never won a major sporting event competing against athletes without disabilities 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The experience of athletes with disabilities in mainstream sports: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

Cursiol

Barreira

2021

Motriz: rev. educ. fis.

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Through reports of the athletes with disabilities interviewed, this study aimed to understand how the experiences lived in mainstream sports occur among people without disabilities. Methods: Husserl's classic phenomenology was the methodological framework adopted. The phenomenological interview was carried out with an intentional sample that included six athletes with some type of physical disability and later its recording was transcribed for the procedures of phenomenological reduction and intentional crossing to explain the meaning of what is experienced by these athletes in mainstream sport. Results: Five categories essentially describe how these experiences occur: operational body barred in the world; shaping the movement; the invisibility of disability; determination stimulus; and normalization of social relations in mainstream sports. These experiences correspond to a dynamic process in which each part does not necessarily follow the other. Conclusion: The experience in mainstream sports allowed the interviewees to improve their experience of capacity, self-efficacy, and recognition through the mutuality between self-perception and the expectation of acceptance by society.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The experience of athletes with disabilities in mainstream sports: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

Cursiol

Barreira

2021

Motriz: rev. educ. fis.

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“…This can force sporting institutions to 10.3389/fnins.2022.949138 regulate the use of technology. For example, in the case of Paralympics and the use of bionic prosthetics (Richard et al, 2021). Another example is the use of "super humans" for military use, which has raised legal concerns (Shah, 2019).…”

Section: Ethical Challenges Of Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sense of agency in emerging technologies for human–computer integration: A review

et al. 2022

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Human–computer integration is an emerging area in which the boundary between humans and technology is blurred as users and computers work collaboratively and share agency to execute tasks. The sense of agency (SoA) is an experience that arises by a combination of a voluntary motor action and sensory evidence whether the corresponding body movements have somehow influenced the course of external events. The SoA is not only a key part of our experiences in daily life but also in our interaction with technology as it gives us the feeling of “I did that” as opposed to “the system did that,” thus supporting a feeling of being in control. This feeling becomes critical with human–computer integration, wherein emerging technology directly influences people’s body, their actions, and the resulting outcomes. In this review, we analyse and classify current integration technologies based on what we currently know about agency in the literature, and propose a distinction between body augmentation, action augmentation, and outcome augmentation. For each category, we describe agency considerations and markers of differentiation that illustrate a relationship between assistance level (low, high), agency delegation (human, technology), and integration type (fusion, symbiosis). We conclude with a reflection on the opportunities and challenges of integrating humans with computers, and finalise with an expanded definition of human–computer integration including agency aspects which we consider to be particularly relevant. The aim this review is to provide researchers and practitioners with guidelines to situate their work within the integration research agenda and consider the implications of any technologies on SoA, and thus overall user experience when designing future technology.

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What Is a Parasport Coach’s Role During Athlete Classification? Exploring How Parasport Coaches Learn About Classification and Their Role Within This Process

Birchall

Lawson

Williams

et al. 2024

International Sport Coaching Journal

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Undergoing classification can be a difficult experience for athletes with disabilities, yet coaches may support athletes during this event. However, research has yet to examine either coaches’ roles during classification or how coaches learn to navigate this unique aspect of parasport. We purposed to explore parasport coaches’ roles during classification as well as the ways in which coaches learn about classification. Twelve Canadian high-performance coaches representing eight parasports participated in semistructured interviews. Inductive reflexive thematic analysis of the transcripts was conducted. Results show coaches view their role as intuitive and centered on preparing the athlete, ensuring fairness, and reframing classification outcomes. The ways coaches learned about classification varied, but coaches agreed there is a general lack of structured resources available to coaches interested in learning about classification. In addition to learning about classification, coaches valued understanding the athlete and their impairment to effectively fulfill their coaching roles.

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Fairness, Regulation of Technology and Enhanced Human: A Comparative Analysis of the Pistorius Case and the Cybathlon

Cited by 5 publications

References 43 publications

The experience of athletes with disabilities in mainstream sports: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

The experience of athletes with disabilities in mainstream sports: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

The sense of agency in emerging technologies for human–computer integration: A review

What Is a Parasport Coach’s Role During Athlete Classification? Exploring How Parasport Coaches Learn About Classification and Their Role Within This Process

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