Failure to Thrive

Frank, Deborah A.; Zeisel, Steven H.

doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36578-6

Cited by 176 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Because underweight in infancy is associated with concurrent susceptibility to infection and short-and long-term adverse developmental outcomes, 28,29 screening, identification, and treatment of this condition have been prioritized in primary health care. 30 There previously has been no universal agreement as to which criteria define this clinical condition, 31,32 but weightfor-age below the fifth percentile of the CDC 2000 growth charts has been widely accepted and recommended.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 However, underidentification may deprive children of important nutritional and medical assessments and interventions that might protect them from short-and long-term morbidity in growth, health, and developmental potential. Because young children in 1417 (27) 92 (26) 38 (21) .156 Maternal education, n (%) Never/elementary/some high school 4810 (29) 364 (29) 162 (26) .641 High school 6345 (39) 478 (39) 245 (40) Technical school/college graduate/Master' s degree 5318 (32) 397 (32) 209 (34) Caregiver employed, n (%) 7734 (47) 534 (43) 232 (37) ,.001 Maternal depression, n (%)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health of Children Classified as Underweight by CDC Reference but Normal by WHO Standard

et al. 2013

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OBJECTIVE: To ascertain measures of health status among 6- to 24-month-old children classified as below normal weight-for-age (underweight) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2000 growth reference but as normal weight-for-age by the World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 standard. METHODS: Data were gathered from children and primary caregivers at emergency departments and primary care clinics in 7 US cities. Outcome measures included caregiver rating of child health, parental evaluation of developmental status, history of hospitalizations, and admission to hospital at the time of visit. Children were classified as (1) not underweight by either CDC 2000 or WHO 2006 criteria, (2) underweight by CDC 2000 but not by WHO 2006 criteria, or (3) underweight by both criteria. Associations between these categories and health outcome measures were assessed by using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Data were available for 18 420 children. For each health outcome measure, children classified as underweight by CDC 2000 but normal by WHO 2006 had higher adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of adverse health outcomes than children not classified as underweight by either; children classified as underweight by both had the highest aORs of adverse outcomes. For example, compared with children not underweight by either criteria, the aORs for fair/poor health rating were 2.54 (95% confidence interval: 2.20–2.93) among children underweight by CDC but not WHO and 3.76 (3.13–4.51) among children underweight by both. CONCLUSIONS: Children who are reclassified from underweight to normal weight in changing from CDC 2000 to WHO 2006 growth charts may still be affected by morbidities associated with underweight.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health of Children Classified as Underweight by CDC Reference but Normal by WHO Standard

et al. 2013

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“…Although FTT has been recognized for more than a century, it lacks a precise definition, in part because it describes a condition rather than a specific disease. [14][15][16][17] Although definitions vary, most pediatricians use this term only when growth is noted to be low or decreases with time. For example, one definition of FTT is that height-for-age or weight-for-age is less than the 3rd or 5th percentile on Ͼ1 occasion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most researchers and pediatricians agree, however, that FTT can be suspected or described accurately only by comparing height and weight on growth charts with time. [14][15][16][17] The increase in the prevalence of overweight status among preschool children in the United States has caused great concern because of its long-term health consequences. 18,19 A recent study showed that the anthropometric data collected for patients referred because of FTT or obesity suggest that children are referred because of lesser degrees of underweight than overweight; the study concluded that these referral patterns reflect a more aggressive approach to FTT than obesity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifts in Percentiles of Growth During Early Childhood: Analysis of Longitudinal Data From the California Child Health and Development Study

et al. 2004

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To document growth-velocity changes across major percentiles during the preschool years.Design. Analyses of longitudinal data using heightfor-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age percentiles were performed to examine crossing of major percentiles of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts. The 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles were defined as the major percentiles.Setting. Data from the California Child Health and Development Study were used.Subjects. A total of 10 844 children up to 60 months of age, with 44 296 height and weight measurements, were included in our final analysis.Results. For height-for-age, 32% of children between birth and 6 months of age, 13% to 15% of children between 6 and 24 months of age, and 2% to 10% of children between 24 and 60 months of age crossed 2 major percentiles. For weight-for-age, 39% of children between birth and 6 months of age, 6% to 15% of children between 6 and 24 months of age, and 1% to 5% of children between 24 and 60 months of age crossed 2 major percentiles. In contrast, for weight-for-height, 62% of children between birth and 6 months of age, 20% to 27% of children between 6 and 24 months of age, and 6% to 15% of children between 24 to 60 months of age crossed 2 major percentiles. Similar to the pattern observed for weightfor-height, 8% to 15% of children between 24 and 60 months of age crossed 2 major BMI-for-age percentiles. During the preschool years, weight-for-height had the highest percentages of children who crossed 2 major percentiles, and weight-for-age had the lowest percentages of children who crossed 2 major percentiles among these 3 indices.Conclusions. Shifts in growth rates were very common for children from birth to 6 months of age, somewhat less common for children 6 to 24 months of age, and least common for children 24 to 60 months of age. Shifts in weight-for-height occurred more frequently than did other growth changes. Pediatricians must consider the prevalence of growth rate shifts during infancy and early childhood before they counsel parents regarding growth or refer children for additional evaluations of growth. Pediatrics 2004;113:e617-e627. URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/113/6/e617; catch-up growth, catch-down growth, growth variation, height-forage, weight-for-age, weight-for-height, BMI-for-age, percentile.

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“…Despite monitoring the provision of the humanized milk powder boxes to the mothers throughout the study period, we are not certain whether the infants have indeed consumed the recommended amounts since eating problems and disturbed mother-infant interactions are not uncommon in patients with FTT [30]. In contrast, zinc (or placebo) supplementation was easily administrated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Supplementation Increases the Level of Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I but Does Not Promote Growth in Infants with Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

Hershkovitz

Printzman²,

Segev³

et al. 1999

Horm Res Paediatr

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We investigated in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study the effects of zinc supplementation (2 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks on growth, serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) on 3- to 9-month-old infants with nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT). 25 infants completed the study, 14 received zinc supplementation (group A), and 11 received placebo (group B). The control group for baseline measurements was composed of 10 age-matched normal growing infants. There were no significant changes in weight for age, length for age, or weight for length during the entire study period in either group A or B. Serum IGF-I levels at baseline were similar in all the groups. After 12 weeks of therapy, serum IFG-I levels increased significantly only in the zinc-supplemented group, from 40.3 ± 7 ng/ml at baseline to 65 ± 8 ng/ml (p < 0.05). There was a marked difference in serum IGF-I levels between the zinc-supplemented group and the placebo group after 12 weeks: 65 ± 8 vs. 49.4 ± 5 ng/ml (p = 0.058, 95% CI of difference 9.88–21.31). No change was demonstrated in serum IGFBP-3 levels in either study group. We conclude that although zinc supplementation increased serum IGF-I levels, it did not improve the growth parameters of infants with NOFTT.

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Failure to Thrive

Cited by 176 publications

References 100 publications

Health of Children Classified as Underweight by CDC Reference but Normal by WHO Standard

Health of Children Classified as Underweight by CDC Reference but Normal by WHO Standard

Shifts in Percentiles of Growth During Early Childhood: Analysis of Longitudinal Data From the California Child Health and Development Study

Zinc Supplementation Increases the Level of Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I but Does Not Promote Growth in Infants with Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

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