Failure to detect Plasmodium vivax in West and Central Africa by PCR species typing

Culleton, Richard; Mita, Toshihiro; Ndounga, Mathieu; Unger, Holger W.; Cravo, Pedro Vitor Lemos; Paganotti, Giacomo Maria; Takahashi, Nobuyuki; Kaneko, Akira; Eto, Hideaki; Tinto, Halidou; Karema, Corine; D’Alessandro, Umberto; Rosário, Virgı́lio do; Kobayakawa, Takatoshi; Ntoumi, Francine; Carter, Richard; Tanabe, Kazuyuki

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7-174

Cited by 77 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In addition, P. vivax infects reticulocytes, and therefore rarely exceeds 5% parasitemia. 24,25 Plasmodium ovale , like P. vivax , infects reticulocytes, and should, likewise, fail to generate such intense parasitemia. In the absence of other supporting diagnostic data such as PCR or a rapid test, both the location of the exposure and the high level of parasitemia suggest that this patient was very unlikely to have been infected with P. vivax .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Caused by Plasmodium vivax Complicated by Acalculous Cholecystitis

Curley¹,

Mody²,

Gasser³

2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Caused by Plasmodium vivax Complicated by Acalculous Cholecystitis

Curley¹,

Mody²,

Gasser³

2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Design and validation of the real-time PCR speciation assay. PCR primers and probes were adapted from previously published real-time PCR assays for speciation of malaria (39,46); P. vivax is exceptionally rare in Central Africa (10) and was excluded. The assay was designed to amplify each sample in parallel in two duplex reactions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Throughput Pooling and Real-Time PCR-Based Strategy for Malaria Detection

et al. 2010

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Molecular assays can provide critical information for malaria diagnosis, speciation, and drug resistance, but their cost and resource requirements limit their application to clinical malaria studies. This study describes the application of a resource-conserving testing algorithm employing sample pooling for real-time PCR assays for malaria in a cohort of 182 pregnant women in Kinshasa. A total of 1,268 peripheral blood samples were collected during the study. Using a real-time PCR assay that detects all Plasmodium species, microscopypositive samples were amplified individually; the microscopy-negative samples were amplified after pooling the genomic DNA (gDNA) of four samples prior to testing. Of 176 microscopy-positive samples, 74 were positive by the real-time PCR assay; the 1,092 microscopy-negative samples were initially amplified in 293 pools, and subsequently, 35 samples were real-time PCR positive (3%). With the real-time PCR result as the referent standard, microscopy was 67.9% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 58.3% to 76.5%) and 91.2% specific (95% CI, 89.4% to 92.8%) for malaria. In total, we detected 109 parasitemias by real-time PCR and, by pooling samples, obviated over 50% of reactions and halved the cost of testing. Our study highlights both substantial discordance between malaria diagnostics and the utility and parsimony of employing a sample pooling strategy for molecular diagnostics in clinical and epidemiologic malaria studies.

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“…Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium knowlesi do not now occur beyond the tropics, and P. falciparum does so only sporadically. Endemic P. vivax occurs throughout the tropical latitudes, excluding the South Pacific east of Vanuatu, where anopheline mosquitoes do not appear, and most of western and central Africa, where the absence of Duffy factor on human red blood cells apparently prohibits this parasite from an endemic distribution (63). Vivax malaria extends well beyond the tropics, through most of eastern China up to and including the Korean Peninsula.…”

Section: Global Burdenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to Therapies for Infection by Plasmodium vivax

2009

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SUMMARY The gravity of the threat posed by vivax malaria to public health has been poorly appreciated. The widely held misperception of Plasmodium vivax as being relatively infrequent, benign, and easily treated explains its nearly complete neglect across the range of biological and clinical research. Recent evidence suggests a far higher and more-severe disease burden imposed by increasingly drug-resistant parasites. The two frontline therapies against vivax malaria, chloroquine and primaquine, may be failing. Despite 60 years of nearly continuous use of these drugs, their respective mechanisms of activity, resistance, and toxicity remain unknown. Although standardized means of assessing therapeutic efficacy against blood and liver stages have not been developed, this review examines the provisional in vivo, ex vivo, and animal model systems for doing so. The rationale, design, and interpretation of clinical trials of therapies for vivax malaria are discussed in the context of the nuance and ambiguity imposed by the hypnozoite. Fielding new drug therapies against real-world vivax malaria may require a reworking of the strategic framework of drug development, namely, the conception, testing, and evaluation of sets of drugs designed for the cure of both blood and liver asexual stages as well as the sexual blood stages within a single therapeutic regimen.

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Failure to detect Plasmodium vivax in West and Central Africa by PCR species typing

Cited by 77 publications

References 27 publications

Malaria Caused by Plasmodium vivax Complicated by Acalculous Cholecystitis

Malaria Caused by Plasmodium vivax Complicated by Acalculous Cholecystitis

High-Throughput Pooling and Real-Time PCR-Based Strategy for Malaria Detection

Resistance to Therapies for Infection by Plasmodium vivax

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