Failure phenomenology of confined ceramic targets and impacting rods

Shockey, D. A.; Marchand, A. H.; Skaggs, S. R.; Cort, G.E.; Burkett, Michael W.; Parker, Ronald B.

doi:10.1016/0734-743x(90)90002-d

Cited by 228 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Boundary conditions provide a shear strain rate of 5 10 /s γ = , with a uniform initial velocity gradient prescribed. In some simulations, all faces are free to expand laterally to accommodate dilatation; in others, the face on which the shear traction is applied is prohibited from expanding, thereby increasing the confining pressure that resists dilatation and impedes shear [2][3][4]. The former conditions are labeled "free"; the latter are labeled "confined."…”

Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic compressibility, shear strength, and fracture behavior of ceramic microstructures predicted from mesoscale models

Clayton

Leavy

Kraft

2012

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Fundamental understanding of dynamic behavior of polycrystalline ceramics is advanced through constitutive theory development and computational modeling. At the mesoscale, microstructures of silicon carbide grains (hexagonal crystal structure) or aluminum oxynitride grains (cubic crystal structure) are subjected to compression or shear at high rates with varying confining pressure. Each grain is resolved by numerous three-dimensional finite elements, and behavior of each grain is modeled using nonlinear anisotropic elasticity. Cohesive fracture models and post-fracture contact are included. Normal and Weibull failure statistics from many simulations are collected and analyzed. Results demonstrate effects of load directionality, confinement, dilatation, elastic anisotropy and elastic nonlinearity, and grain boundary fracture properties on macroscopic (average) failure stresses for loading conditions in the ballistic regime. Predictions demonstrate reasonable agreement with data from macroscopic plate impact, unconfined compression, and flexure experiments.

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Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Properties of importance in the ballistic loading regime include hardness, elastic stiffness, fracture toughness, unconfined compressive strength, dynamic shear strength, and failure probabilities [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The present work investigates two ceramic materials: silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxynitride (AlON).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic compressibility, shear strength, and fracture behavior of ceramic microstructures predicted from mesoscale models

Clayton

Leavy

Kraft

2012

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…When the shock wave/compression waves from the projectile impact reach the back surface of an unconfined sample, they generate release waves that travel back towards the front surface of the sample. These intersect with release waves emanating from the front surface and edges, causing the ceramic to be put in tension and begin to laterally and radially crack ahead of the projectile, causing the formation of a characteristic fracture conoid [2,[5][6][7]. This precursor damage and comminution reduces the stress exerted on the projectile and thus substantially limits the ballistic resistance of the ceramic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high compressive strength, hardness, and low density of ceramics have driven a rapid increase of their use in ballistic protection due to their ability to defeat projectiles via interface dwell and/or substantial erosion and destruction of the penetrating tip [1][2][3]. Ceramic armor development has typically focused on composite integration in order to compensate for undesirable brittle failure during ballistic impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic Response of Chromium/Chromium-Sulfide Cermets

Loiseau

Nabavi

Capozzi

et al. 2015

J. dynamic behavior mater.

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In the present study, the ballistic response of chromium/chromium-sulfide cermet, a microstructural ceramic-metal composite, was investigated. The chromium/chromium-sulfide cermet was manufactured using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, a process wherein the material is created under a self-sustaining combustion reaction between the chromium and sulfur. This type of synthesis allows the creation of near-net shape structures and offers the possibility of tuning material properties and material behavior by changing the reactant composition. High-speed ballistic impact (&1460 m/s) of samples with initial molar ratios of Cr:S ranging from 1.15:1 to 4:1 exhibited a transition in response from purely brittle to quasi-ductile when the molar ratio was at and above 3:1. Microscopy of the impacted samples revealed that this ductility was sustained by significant deformation of metal chromium particles supported in the matrix of chromium-sulfide ceramic. Ballistic depth of penetration experiments at &1715 m/s using thin cermet samples facing a polyethylene cylinder showed a weak dependence of residual penetration on molar ratio.

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“…This explanation is mainly based on postmortem examination of recovered targets (6,7). A region of intense microcracking and cone cracks immediately under the impact site was observed in cross-sections of ceramic targets subjected to impacts just below the transition velocity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unsteady penetration of a target by a liquid jet

Uth

Deshpande

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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It is widely acknowledged that ceramic armor experiences an unsteady penetration response: an impacting projectile may erode on the surface of a ceramic target without substantial penetration for a significant amount of time and then suddenly start to penetrate the target. Although known for more than four decades, this phenomenon, commonly referred to as dwell, remains largely unexplained. Here, we use scaled analog experiments with a low-speed water jet and a soft, translucent target material to investigate dwell. The transient target response, in terms of depth of penetration and impact force, is captured using a high-speed camera in combination with a piezoelectric force sensor. We observe the phenomenon of dwell using a soft (noncracking) target material. The results show that the penetration rate increases when the flow of the impacting water jet is reversed due to the deformation of the jet-target interface--this reversal is also associated with an increase in the force exerted by the jet on the target. Creep penetration experiments with a constant indentation force did not show an increase in the penetration rate, confirming that flow reversal is the cause of the unsteady penetration rate. Our results suggest that dwell can occur in a ductile noncracking target due to flow reversal. This phenomenon of flow reversal is rather widespread and present in a wide range of impact situations, including water-jet cutting, needleless injection, and deposit removal via a fluid jet.impact loading | ballistic penetration | fluid-structure interaction | interface defeat C eramic materials, although having a reputation for being inherently brittle, have been used for different armor systems for almost a century. The application of ceramic-based armor ranges from protection of aircraft and personnel against smallcaliber threats, to vehicle armor designed to defeat long-rod penetrators and shaped charges.Here, we consider thick, well-confined ceramic armor systems designed to withstand the high-velocity impact of heavy-metal longrod penetrators. Such systems are extensively used to study the dynamic penetration properties of ceramics over relatively long time frames: the confinement prevents/reduces the macroscopic cracking of the ceramic target and thus provides a more controlled experimental setting where statistical effects of cracking are minimized.The time-resolved penetration behavior of ceramic armor has been extensively studied over the past 45 y using flash radiography, a technique used for impact experiments involving optically opaque targets (1-4). As sketched in Fig.

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Failure phenomenology of confined ceramic targets and impacting rods

Cited by 228 publications

References 5 publications

Dynamic compressibility, shear strength, and fracture behavior of ceramic microstructures predicted from mesoscale models

Dynamic compressibility, shear strength, and fracture behavior of ceramic microstructures predicted from mesoscale models

Ballistic Response of Chromium/Chromium-Sulfide Cermets

Unsteady penetration of a target by a liquid jet

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