Failure of vaccination to prevent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease

Woolhouse, Mark; Haydon, Daniel T.; Pearson, A.; Kitching, R.

doi:10.1017/s0950268800052699

Cited by 75 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…β was not strongly affected by the choice of pre‐clinical or clinical infectious periods, and generally fell between 13 and 19 regardless of choice of length of the period of transmission (Table ). The estimate of β reported here is similar to what has been reported previously (Carpenter, Thurmond, & Bates, ; Woolhouse et al., ). Specifically, our estimate was similar to Carpenter et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus transmission dynamics and persistence in a herd of vaccinated dairy cattle in India

Hayer

VanderWaal

Ranjan

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary disease with substantial economic impacts. Although between-herd transmission of the disease has been well studied, studies focusing on within-herd transmission using farm-level outbreak data are rare. The aim of this study was to estimate parameters associated with within-herd transmission, host physiological factors and FMD virus (FMDV) persistence using data collected from an outbreak that occurred at a large, organized dairy farm in India. Of 1,836 regularly vaccinated, adult dairy cattle, 222 had clinical signs of FMD over a 39-day period. Assuming homogenous mixing, a frequency-dependent compartmental model of disease transmission was built. The transmission coefficient and basic reproductive number were estimated to be between 16.2-18.4 and 67-88, respectively. Non-pregnant animals were more likely to manifest clinical signs of FMD as compared to pregnant cattle. Based on oropharyngeal fluid (probang) sampling and FMDV-specific RT-PCR, four of 36 longitudinally sampled animals (14%) were persistently infected carriers 10.5 months post-outbreak. There was no statistical difference between subclinical and clinically infected animals in the duration of the carrier state. However, prevalence of NSP-ELISA antibodies differed significantly between subclinical and clinically infected animals 12 months after the outbreak with 83% seroprevalence amongst clinically infected cattle compared to 69% of subclinical animals. This study further elucidates within-herd FMD transmission dynamics during the acute-phase and characterizes duration of FMDV persistence and seroprevalence of FMD under natural conditions in an endemic setting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus transmission dynamics and persistence in a herd of vaccinated dairy cattle in India

Hayer

VanderWaal

Ranjan

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…To examine targeted vaccination, a fixed proportion of farms in a 3 hex ring (3.6 km radius) surrounding each IP are vaccinated, under the assumption that premises can be prioritized in a fashion similar to DCs. For existing FMD vaccines, protective titres of antibody have been shown 2-3 days post vaccination, although maximum titres typically are reached at 7-10 days (Woolhouse et al 1996). It is assumed that a vaccine is fully effective 4 days post inoculation, with no prior protection (Doel 1999), and that an adequate diagnostic test is available rapidly to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of local heterogeneity on alternative control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease

Kao

2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the UK resulted in the death of nearly 10 million livestock at a cost that was estimated to be up to £8 billion. Owing to the controversy surrounding the epidemic, the question of whether or not alternative policies would have resulted in significantly better control of the epidemic remains of great interest. A hexagonal lattice simulation of FMD in Cumbria is used to address the central question of whether or not better use could have been made of expert knowledge of FMD transmission to target pre-emptive culling, by assuming that the premises at greatest risk of becoming infected can be targeted for culling. The 2000 UK census and the epidemiological database collected during the epidemic are used to describe key characteristics of disease transmission, and the model is fit to the epidemic time-series. Under the assumptions of the model, the parameters that best fit the epidemic in Cumbria indicate that a policy based on expert knowledge would have exacerbated the epidemic compared with the policy as implemented. However, targeting more distant, high-risk farms could be more valuable under different epidemic conditions, notably, if risk factors of sufficient magnitude could be identified to aid in prioritizing vaccination or culling of farms at high risk of becoming infected.

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“…An important over‐simplification of many studies predicting the benefits of control is a failure to incorporate the variable effectiveness of FMD control programmes (Knight‐Jones et al., , ; Knight‐Jones et al., a, Lyons et al., ; Elnekave et al., ; Woolhouse et al., ; Lyons et al., ). Two critical factors are (i) the variable potency and quality of vaccines used in endemic settings (Metwally et al., In press) and (ii) the limited application of biosecurity and sanitary control measures (Young et al., ).…”

Section: Fmd Smallholder Impact: What Do We Know and What Don't We Know?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Impact on Smallholders - What Do We Know, What Don't We Know and How Can We Find Out More?

Knight-Jones

McLaws²,

Rushton

2016

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryFoot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) endemic regions contain three‐quarters of the world's FMD susceptible livestock and most of the world's poor livestock keepers. Yet FMD impact on smallholders in these regions is poorly understood. Diseases of low mortality can exert a large impact if incidence is high. Modelling and field studies commonly find high FMD incidence in endemic countries. Sero‐surveys typically find a third of young cattle are sero‐positive, however, the proportion of sero‐positive animals that developed disease, and resulting impact, are unknown. The few smallholder FMD impact studies that have been performed assessed different aspects of impact, using different approaches. They find that FMD impact can be high (>10% of annual household income). However, impact is highly variable, being a function of FMD incidence and dependency on activities affected by FMD. FMD restricts investment in productive but less FMD‐resilient farming methods, however, other barriers to efficient production may exist, reducing the benefits of FMD control. Applying control measures is costly and can have wide‐reaching negative impacts; veterinary‐cordon‐fences may damage wildlife populations, and livestock movement restrictions and trade bans damage farmer profits and the wider economy. When control measures are ineffective, farmers, society and wildlife may experience the burden of control without reducing disease burden. Foot‐and‐mouth disease control has benefitted smallholders in South America and elsewhere. Success takes decades of regional cooperation with effective veterinary services and widespread farmer participation. However, both the likelihood of success and the full cost of control measures must be considered. Controlling FMD in smallholder systems is challenging, particularly when movement restrictions are hard to enforce. In parts of Africa this is compounded by endemically infected wildlife and limited vaccine performance. This paper reviews FMD impact on smallholders in endemic countries. Significant evidence gaps exist and guidance on the design of FMD impact studies is provided.

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Failure of vaccination to prevent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease

Cited by 75 publications

References 10 publications

Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus transmission dynamics and persistence in a herd of vaccinated dairy cattle in India

Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus transmission dynamics and persistence in a herd of vaccinated dairy cattle in India

The impact of local heterogeneity on alternative control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Impact on Smallholders - What Do We Know, What Don't We Know and How Can We Find Out More?

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