Failure of Permethrin-Treated Military Uniforms to Protect Against a Laboratory-Maintained Knockdown-Resistant Strain of Aedes aegypti

Estep, Alden S.; Sanscrainte, Neil D.; Cuba, Ingeborg; Allen, Gregory M; Becnel, James J.; Linthicum, Kenneth J.

doi:10.2987/19-6906.1

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This is because quantification of residual efficacy using susceptible laboratory strains is deceptive when actual exposures will be to field-resistant strains that experience insecticide selection in nature. Our result is in line with the findings of Estep et al, 59 which demonstrated that sleeves of permethrin-treated army uniform fabric failed to provide protection against the highly resistant A. aegypti.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Effects of piperonyl butoxide synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin

Bong

Panthawong

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Exploiting indoor-resting mosquitoes' innate behavioral responses to commonly used insecticide is crucial in vector control programs. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) treated with pyrethroids have become widely used for controlling dengue fever vectors. The present study tested the effects of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field A. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin in Taiwan and Thailand.RESULTS: The escape response of field mosquitoes treated with PBO was significantly elicited, with an escape percentage increase between 2-and 10-fold. In addition, the escape time was significantly lower in PBO-pretreated mosquitoes compared with field mosquitoes treated with deltamethrin alone. PBO-pretreated mosquitoes from seven out of 11 field strains exhibited a knockdown percentage of 11.23-54.91%, significantly higher than that of mosquitoes in corresponding strains treated with deltamethrin only. The Annan, Zhongxi, Sanmin, and North strains exhibited weak knockdown responses (≤3.75%). The mortality of PBO-pretreated field mosquitoes increased 2-to 75-fold compared with those treated with deltamethrin alone (mortality: 0-6.70%). Furthermore, the effect of cuticular thickness on the escape response of field mosquitoes was significant, that is, the escape response marginally increased inversely to cuticular thickness. By contrast, cuticular thickness was not significantly associated with knockdown or mortality percentage.CONCLUSION: Irritant behavior in mosquitoes was significantly elicited by PBO synergism. PBO incorporating deltamethrin IRS or LLINs may be effective for controlling dengue fever vectors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Effects of piperonyl butoxide synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin

Bong

Panthawong

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

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“…Widespread prevalence of kdr mutations could severely limit the ability to control and respond to outbreaks of these diseases, as well as impact the effectiveness of permethrin-treated uniforms as originally hypothesized (Estep et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also play a large role in the transmission of dog heartworms, a nationwide problem with approximately one million dogs affected each year (Spence Beaulieu and Reiskind 2020). Widespread prevalence of kdr mutations could severely limit the ability to control and respond to outbreaks of these diseases, as well as impact the effectiveness of permethrin-treated uniforms as originally hypothesized (Estep et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finding mutations in all the wrong places: Prevalence of knock-down resistance F1534S mutations among Aedes albopictus (family: Culicidae, order: Diptera) in North Carolina

Abernathy

Hollingsworth

Giandomenico

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel gene of Aedes species mosquitoes are biomarkers for resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. In the United States, few studies have reported kdr mutations among Aedes albopictus (family: Culicidae, order: Diptera, Skuse, 1895) populations. In this study we sought to explore the potential for permethrin-impregnated uniforms worn by military servicemembers to drive kdr emergence. Methods and Results: We collected 538 Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, including 156 from 4 sites at Fort Bragg (exposed), North Carolina and 382 from 15 sites in Wake County (control), North Carolina to compare the prevalence of kdr mutations. Of those successfully sequenced, we identified 12 (3.0%) mosquitoes with kdr mutations, all of which were attributed to variants at position 1534 within domain 3. All mutations were found in mosquitoes collected at Wake County sites; no mutations were identified at Fort Bragg. There was a focus of mutations observed at the Wake County sites with approximately 92% (11 of 12) of the mosquitoes with the mutation coming from one site, where kdr mutations represented 24.4% (11 of 45) of all mosquitoes collected. Conclusions: Our study did not show any evidence that universal implementation of permethrin-impregnated uniforms drives the development of resistance. In contrast, we observed highly focal resistance in a suburban area of Raleigh, which may be attributable to peri-domestic mosquito control activities that involve area dispersal of pyrethroid insecticides. More robust surveillance is needed to monitor the emergence and spread of resistance.

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“…The structure of etofenprox renders it more stable and less toxic than other pyrethroid insecticides and functions by attacking the neuronal axon of the mosquito. As concerns over the spread of pyrethroid resistance grows, and several studies of the impact of pyrethroid resistance on the protective effect treated clothing yield conflicting results [75,34,76,35] there is growing need to explore alternative insecticides for clothing treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field evaluation of a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent and etofenprox-treated clothing for outdoor protection against forest malaria vectors in Cambodia

Vajda,

Ross,

Doum

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Cambodia aims to eliminate malaria by 2025, and is challenged by persisting transmission in the forest and forest fringe areas. People living in, or traveling to the forest, are exposed to malaria vector bites during the day due toAnophelesdaytime biting; and during the night, due to low bed net use and open sleeping structures. Volatile pyrethroid spatial repellents (VPSRs), and insecticide treated clothing (ITC) may help address these gaps in protection. In this field study the authors evaluated the outdoor application of one passive, transfluthrin–based VPSR, four etofenprox–ITCs paired with a picaridin topical repellent, and a combination of VPSR and ITC against wildAnopheleslanding in Cambodia. Mathematical modeling was also used to predict the reduction of vectorial capacity of these interventions. A 7by7 Latin-square (6 interventions and one control) was conducted over 49 collection nights in seven temporary, open structures in a forest in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. Pairs of participants conducted human landing catches (HLCs) from 18h00 to 06h00, with each collector conducting collections for six hours. A randomly selected subset of collectedAnopheleswere identified to species using molecular methods. The rate ratio of each intervention compared to the control onAnopheleslandings was estimated using a mixed–effect negative binomial regression with intervention, structure, and collector–pair as fixed–effects, and with collection date and structure[ndash]night as random effects. The modeling assessment aims to predict the relative reduction in vectoral capacity. Initial calculations involved establishing a "baseline scenario" without intervention, utilizing biometric parameters forAnopheles dirus. Various scenarios accounting for intervention coverage and adherence were then considered. The study aims to update parameters using field study estimates for wildAnopheles, incorporating multiple semi–field estimates for interventions and accounting for the variability and uncertainty in parameter values. Of the total 8,294Anophelesspecimens collected, 15% (n=1,242) of specimens were confirmed to species or species group via PCR. Fifteen species were confirmed;Anopheles dirusForm A was predominant (n=429), followed byAnopheles maculatus(n=189), andAnopheles minimus(n=60). All six interventions reducedAnopheleslanding substantially; protective efficacies ranged between 61% (95% confidence interval (CI): 48 – 71%) (etofenprox-ITC, washed) and 95% (95% CI: 93 – 96%) (combined VPSR and unwashed etofenprox-ITC). Finally, the modelling assessment demonstrates significant reductions in vectoral capacity, with the highest impact observed for the combined ITC and VPSR as well as the VPSR used alone, although effectiveness decreases with intervention aging, and variability exists in the magnitude of predicted reductions due to differences in experimental conditions. These transfluthrin–based VPSR and etofenprox–ITC interventions have the potential to reduce outdoor and daytimeAnophelesbiting by providing substantial protection againstAnopheleslanding. One or more of these tools may play a valuable role in the push for elimination in Cambodia and the Greater Mekong Subregion if programs can achieve effective coverage.

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Failure of Permethrin-Treated Military Uniforms to Protect Against a Laboratory-Maintained Knockdown-Resistant Strain of Aedes aegypti

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of piperonyl butoxide synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin

Effects of piperonyl butoxide synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin

Finding mutations in all the wrong places: Prevalence of knock-down resistance F1534S mutations among Aedes albopictus (family: Culicidae, order: Diptera) in North Carolina

Field evaluation of a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent and etofenprox-treated clothing for outdoor protection against forest malaria vectors in Cambodia

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