Failure of imidocarb dipropionate to eliminate Hepatozoon canis in naturally infected dogs based on parasitological and molecular evaluation methods

Sasanelli, Mariateresa; Paradies, Paola; Greco, Béatrice; Eyal, Osnat; Zaza, Valeria; Baneth, Gad

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.042

Cited by 32 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Marchetti et al (2009) treated an H. canis-infected dog with skeletal involvement and meningoencephalomyelitis, using ID and prednisone, which led to improvement of the clinical condition. Sasanelli et al (2010) studied the efficacy of ID for treating H. canis infection and demonstrated that this drug failed to eliminate the parasite, based both on parasitological and on molecular evaluation methods.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brazilian canine hepatozoonosis

O’Dwyer

2011

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The genus Hepatozoon includes hundreds of species that infect birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals, in all continents with tropical and subtropical climates. Two species have been described in domestic dogs: H. canis, reported in Europe, Asia, Africa, South America and the United States; and H. americanum, which so far has only been diagnosed in the United States. In Brazil, the only species found infecting dogs is H. canis. The objective of this review was to detail some aspects of canine hepatozoonosis, caused by H. canis, and the main points of its biology, transmission, pathogenicity, symptoms, epidemiology and diagnostic methods, with emphasis on research developed in Brazil.

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brazilian canine hepatozoonosis

O’Dwyer

2011

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…A combination of imidocarb dipropionate and tetracycline also successfully cleared or depressed gametocytes from the blood and resolved clinical signs in dogs with HCI (Elias and Homans 1988;Baneth et al 1995). However, in contrast to previous studies, a recent study indicated that imidocarb dipropionate is not effective in eliminating H. canis from dogs treated repeatedly over 8 months, based on parasitological and molecular evaluation methods (Sasanelli et al 2010). Toltrazuril, an anticoccidial agent efficacious against nearly all coccidia of domestic and laboratory animals, prevented death in voles with experimentally induced hepatozoonosis, but did not completely eliminate the parasite (Krampitz and Haberkorn 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Diagnosis of canine hepatozoonosis by H. canis is usually achieved by medical history and clinical signs together with microscopic detection of capsule-like gametocytes in the cytoplasm of neutrophils in blood smears (Baneth et al 1996;Baneth et al 2003). Other diagnostic techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction for Hepatozoon-derived genomic DNA or indirect fluorescent antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antiHepatozoon antibodies, are also potentially useful (Baneth et al 1996: Gonen et al 2004: Karagenc et al 2006Sasanelli et al 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure of combination therapy with imidocarb dipropionate and toltrazuril to clear Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs

et al. 2011

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Current treatments with imidocarb dipropionate for infected dogs with Hepatozoon canis do not always provide parasitological cure. The objective of this study is to determine whether concomitant use of toltrazuril may potentiate the effect of imidocarb dipropionate in the management of H. canis infection (HCI). Twelve dogs were determined to have naturally HCI based on clinical signs, identification of the parasite in blood smears, and serologic assay. The animals were allocated randomly to one of two groups (n = 6 in each group). Dogs in Imi group were given imidocarb dipropionate at a dose of 6 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously in two injections 14 days apart. Imi plus Toltra group was given imidocarb dipropionate as dose mentioned above and toltrazuril at 10 mg/kg/day orally for the first five treatment days. Clinical findings, blood counts and parasitaemia levels in blood before and 14, 28 and 56 days after the initial treatment were performed to evaluate treatment response. The overall clinical efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate with and without toltrazuril was 83.3% and 66.7%, respectively; with a mean recovery time of 21.0 and 25.6 days, respectively. A substantial main effect of time on mean PCV, Hb, WBC, neutrophil and PLT and gradual reduction of parasitaemia were significantly observed in both groups (P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was noticed between the studied protocols. The parasitologic cure rate at the end of eight weekly observation period was 16.6% and 33.3% in Imi and Imi plus Toltra groups, respectively. Similar clinicopathologic and parasitologic responses were observed in both treated groups; thus, it was concluded that toltrazuril does not reveal additional benefit to imidocarb therapy in dogs with HCI.

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“…In vertebrate hosts, blood is the most commonly used material for intravital diagnostics. Inasmuch as the gamonts are mostly present in white blood cells within mammalian hosts, however, using the buffy coat layer for microscopic and molecular diagnostics increases the sensitivity of detection (Sasanelli et al 2010, Otranto et al 2011. Depending on the given Hepatozoon species, life stages can be further detected by cytology or biopsy histopathology in the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or striated muscle.…”

Section: Species Of Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While detection by microscopy of blood smears is easy and rapid when parasitemia is sufficient, as in most clinical infections with H. canis, it is not sensitive enough to detect H. americanum and H. felis infections. Furthermore, follow-up treatment for H. canis should be carried out using PCR and buffy coat microscopy because detection by microscopy is considerably less sensitive than is PCR (Sasanelli et al 2010, De Tommasi et al 2014. A study from Turkey demonstrated that detection of H. canis by PCR is far more sensitive than is examination of blood by light microscopy.…”

Section: Author Disclosure Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%