Failure modes of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries

Nakamura, Kenji; Shiomi, Masaaki; Takahashi, Katsuhiro; Tsubota, Masaharu

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(95)02317-8

Cited by 142 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…Electrolyte "dry-out" is often observed. Apart of the increase of gas evolutions as mentioned above, the electrolyte decrease leads also to a decrease in the contraction of separator, when the electrolyte content is under 90 % (Nakamura et al, 1996). As separators in actual batteries initially retain about 95% of the electrolyte, separators shrinkage is not appreciable.…”

Section: Dry-outmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Secondary reactions are not only the cause of self-discharge, but also the cause of main failure modes of stationary lead acid batteries under constant float voltages. Flooded and VRLA technologies can be affected by corrosion, including creeping, and degradation of positive electrodes (Berndt, 1997, Ruetschi, 2004, Stevenson, 1996, Wagner, 1995, Feder, 2001, Nakamura et al, 1996, Brissaud et al, 1997, Cooper and Moseley, 2003. VRLA batteries are moreover subjected to electrolyte dry-out and thermal runaway (Nakamura et al, 1996, Wagner, 1995, Berndt, 1997, Elgh, 1994, Cooper and Moseley, 2003.…”

Section: Secondary Reactions As Causes Of Failure Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Traditional Float Charges: are They Suited to Stationary Antimony-free Lead Acid Batteries?

Nguyen¹,

Glaize²,

Alzieu³

2010

Trends in Telecommunications Technologies

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Section: Dry-outmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Secondary Reactions As Causes Of Failure Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional Float Charges: are They Suited to Stationary Antimony-free Lead Acid Batteries?

Nguyen¹,

Glaize²,

Alzieu³

2010

Trends in Telecommunications Technologies

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“…One application is for new generation transportation vehicles such as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), at which the Pb-acid battery requires continuous operation and being able to accept charge and discharge at extreme high rates [2,3]. During the discharge of a Pb-acid battery, the negative electrode reacts with the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) electrolyte to form non conducting lead sulfate (PbSO4) [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Investigation of Carbon as Additive to the Negative Electrode of Lead-Acid Battery

Fernandez

Mulimbayan

Mena

2015

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract. The increasing demand of cycle life performance of Pb-acid batteries requires the improvement of the negative Pb electrode's charge capacity. Electrochemical investigations were performed on Pb electrode and Pb+Carbon (Carbon black and Graphite) electrodes to evaluate the ability of the additives to enhance the electrochemical faradaic reactions that occur during the cycle of Pb-acid battery negative electrode. The electrodes were characterized through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Potentiodynamic Polarization (PP), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). CV revealed that the addition of carbon on the Pb electrode increased anodic and cathodicreactions by tenfold. The kinetics of PbSO4 passivation measured through PPrevealed that the addition of Carbon on the Pb electrode accelerated the oxide formation by tenfold magnitude. The Nyquist plot measured through EIS suggest that the electrochemical mechanism and reaction kinetics is under charge-transfer. From the equivalent circuit and physical model, Pb+CB1 electrode has the lowest EIS parameters while Pb+G has the highest which is attributed to faster faradaic reaction.The Nyquist plot of the passivated Pb+CB1 electrode showed double semicircular shape. The first layer represents to the bulk passive PbSO4 layer and the second layer represents the Carbon+PbSO4 layer. The enhancements upon addition of carbon on the Pb electrode were attributed to the additive's electrical conductivity and total surface area. The electrochemical active sites for the PbSO4 to nucleate and spread increases upon addition of electrical conductive and high surface area carbon additives.

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“…[4][5][6] However, high content carbon additive can cause side reactions of hydrogen evolution reaction at the end of charge process on the negative plates due to its low overpotential of hydrogen evolution, accelerating water loss and leading to battery failure, 7 which poses an urgent issue to be overcome. Hydrogen evolution inhibitor is preferentially adopted to relieve HER rate and prolong the battery cycle life.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Performance of Lead Acid Batteries with Bi₂O₂CO₃/Activated Carbon Additives to Negative Plates

Lian

Wang

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /Activated carbon (AC) composite is successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method and investigated as an additive for lead-acid batteries for the first time. Remarkable inhibition of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is demonstrated on the optimized content of 4 wt% Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /AC additive, which suppresses the hydrogen evolution current by 93.1% and increases the overpotential of HER by 230 mV. In addition, 2 V 7 Ah lead-acid module cell with 4 wt% Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /AC additive maintains a lifespan up to 19637 cycles, confirming the feasibility to construct high performance lead-acid battery. The short cycle life of Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, especially at the high discharge rate or under high-rate partial-stateof-charge (HRPSoC) duty, is the main challenge for its hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and energy storage applications.1-3 Integrating appropriate content of carbon (activated carbon, carbon black, carbon nanotube and expanded graphite) into the negative-active-mass (NAM) of VRLA battery, has been demonstrated to be an effective way to alleviate the irreversible accumulation of lead sulfate on the negative plates, which is the major failure mode of VRLA battery, and thus improve HRPSoC performance. [4][5][6] However, high content carbon additive can cause side reactions of hydrogen evolution reaction at the end of charge process on the negative plates due to its low overpotential of hydrogen evolution, accelerating water loss and leading to battery failure, 7 which poses an urgent issue to be overcome. Hydrogen evolution inhibitor is preferentially adopted to relieve HER rate and prolong the battery cycle life. For example, Zhao et al. 8,9 demonstrated that adding Bi 2 O 3 , Ga 2 O 3 and In 2 O 3 can effectively suppress the HER rate at the negative plates with activated carbon additives and enhance the battery cyclability. Such HER inhibitors are usually introduced into negative plates by physical mixing or chemical depositing, 6 resulting in uneven distribution, which, to a certain extent, effects inhibition of HER and battery performance.In this work, we synthesize Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 modified activated carbon composite through a simple hydrothermal method, using Bi 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and AC as precursors. Belong to the Bi-based materials as Bi 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 consists of alternative stacking of (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ layers and slabs of CO 3 2− group. 10 With high capacitance performance and low hydrogen evolution ability, Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /AC composite, is supposed to be a promising additive for the lead-acid batteries. To the best of our knowledge, Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /AC as an additive to negative active mass for lead-acid battery has never been reported. ExperimentalMaterials synthesis.-The Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /AC composites were synthesized using Bi 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and activated carbon (YP80F, Kuraray Co. Ltd.) as raw materials by a facile hydrothermal method. In a typical procedure, Bi 2 (SO 4 ) 3 was firstly dissolved into 70 mL distilled water to form a transparent solution at room tem...

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Failure modes of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries

Cited by 142 publications

References 1 publication

Traditional Float Charges: are They Suited to Stationary Antimony-free Lead Acid Batteries?

Traditional Float Charges: are They Suited to Stationary Antimony-free Lead Acid Batteries?

Electrochemical Investigation of Carbon as Additive to the Negative Electrode of Lead-Acid Battery

Enhanced Performance of Lead Acid Batteries with Bi₂O₂CO₃/Activated Carbon Additives to Negative Plates

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Failure modes of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries

Cited by 142 publications

References 1 publication

Traditional Float Charges: are They Suited to Stationary Antimony-free Lead Acid Batteries?

Traditional Float Charges: are They Suited to Stationary Antimony-free Lead Acid Batteries?

Electrochemical Investigation of Carbon as Additive to the Negative Electrode of Lead-Acid Battery

Enhanced Performance of Lead Acid Batteries with Bi2O2CO3/Activated Carbon Additives to Negative Plates

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Enhanced Performance of Lead Acid Batteries with Bi₂O₂CO₃/Activated Carbon Additives to Negative Plates