Failure modes of trees and related failure criteria

Mattheck, C.; Bethge, K.; Albrecht, W.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511600425.011

Cited by 25 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Both trees had deep tap roots, oval in shape but far from the 'I' beam shaped roots recorded in some previous studies (Mattheck et al 1995. The pattern of failure was also strikingly similar to that in P. sylvestris.…”

Section: Overturning Testssupporting

confidence: 76%

“…This distribution was similar to the one recorded in P. sylvestris (Mickovski and Ennos 2002), in which approximately 60 % of the vertically eccentric lateral roots were distributed in the 'weaker' direction. Although the eccentricity and the aspect ratio of the roots in P. peuce were far less extreme than that shown by roots with an 'I' or 'T' beam shape reported in previous investigations (Fayle 1968, Hintikka 1972, Wilson 1975, Mattheck et al 1995, it would still increase bending rigidity and move the hinge point away from the tree, increasing the length of the lever arm and the resistance to overturning (Nicoll and Ray 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Being more shallowly rooted and in a weaker soil, the roots of P. sylvestris would be subjected to bending more than the roots of P. peuce and this could have led to greater adaptive changes in root cross sectional shape (Fayle 1968, Wilson 1975. Being more highly stressed at their tops and bottoms when the tree swayed in the wind the roots would have laid down more wood in these areas by a typical thigmomorphogenetic response and so become more elliptical in shape (Mattheck, 1991) and better at resisting bending in the dorsoventral plane. Furthermore, the aspect ratio calculations showed that vertical root diameter was larger than the horizontal diameter in the majority of major lateral roots, but the mean lateral root aspect ratio of 1.08 ± 0.17 was signifi cantly (t = 3.209, p = 0.002) different, in fact 8% lower, than the value of 1.16 ± 0.23 calculated for P. sylvestris (Mickovski and Ennos 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite all the diffi culties of measuring roots covered by layers of soil, a step forward was made with introduction of more effi cient methods for exploring the distribution and function of roots in the soil in connection to a tree's anchorage (Coutts (1983(Coutts ( , 1986, Mattheck et al (1995), Crook and Ennos (1996), Crook and Ennos (1997), , Nicoll and Armstrong (1998), and Goodman and Ennos (1999)). Acknowledging that anchorage is one of the two main functions of the root system (Coutts 1987), it was suggested (see Ennos 2000) that a more advanced knowledge of the root morphology and architecture of as many species as possible might provide further insight into the way in which the form is related to the function in root systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anchorage and asymmetry in the root system of Pinus peuce

Mickovski¹,

Ennos²

2003

Silva Fenn.

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The relationship between the anchorage mechanics and root architecture of Pinus peuce was investigated by carrying out winching tests and examining excavated root systems of 20 mature trees. The root system was dominated by 6.1 ± 1.3 lateral roots, more than 70% of the lateral root cross sectional area (CSA) being distributed in the uppermost 10 cm of soil. Anchorage strength was related to the size of the tree and CSA. The overturning moment of trees was proportional to the diameter at breast height (DBH) to the power of 1.6. The trees exhibited signifi cant asymmetry in anchorage rigidity, but although there was clustering of lateral roots in a preferred direction the root asymmetry was not signifi cantly correlated with the asymmetry in anchorage rigidity, suggesting that much of the anchorage is provided by tap and sinker roots, rather than the laterals. However, the major laterals showed dorsoventral eccentricity, the more eccentric ones being those that were distributed closer to the soil surface and which pointed perpendicular to the direction of greatest resistance. This suggests that this is a result of thigmomorphogenetic effects. These results are compared with those for the related P. sylvestris and suggest that the assimilation and anchorage characteristics of root systems are controlled independently of each other.

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Section: Overturning Testssupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Anchorage and asymmetry in the root system of Pinus peuce

Mickovski¹,

Ennos²

2003

Silva Fenn.

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“…This type of shallow root system, even though broad, is unstable. Mattheck et al (2003) reported that the smaller diameter of root plate led to a smaller amount of transmittable moments into the surrounding soil. Ray and Nicoll (1998) found out that the maximum resistive turning moment increased with plate thickness in Sitka spruce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the root system architecture between windthrown and undamaged spruces growing in poorly drained sites

Štofko¹,

Kodrík²

2008

J. For. Sci.

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AbstrACt:In the locality Hnilé Blatá (High Tatras Mts.) the parameters of root plates and the number, length and diameter of the individual root branches in windthrows and standing Norway spruces (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were measured. Individual root branches were classified to 12 diameter classes according to their diameter measured in the middle of the root branch length. Using random sampling, 21 windthrows were selected. In their neighbourhood, another 21 undamaged trees were selected on the basis of their similarity in aboveground parameters and they were uprooted by a tractor winch. We found out significantly higher mean values of the vertical radius, the average width and theoretical surface of root plates in undamaged spruces. Mean values of root branch frequency in the first six diameter classes (up to 6 cm) were higher in undamaged spruces, but mean values of root branch frequency in the last five diameter classes (12.1-30.0 cm) were higher in windthrows. Mean values of the root branch length in the first six diameter classes were higher in undamaged spruces. Similarly, mean values of the total root branch length were higher in the first six diameter classes in undamaged spruces, but the mean values of the total root branch length were higher in the last six diameter classes (9.1-30.0 cm) in windthrows.

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Initiation and Growth of Delamination in Wood and Wood-Based Composites, a Fracture Mechanics Approach

Bucur

2010

Delamination in Wood, Wood Products and Wood-Based Composites

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Failure modes of trees and related failure criteria

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Anchorage and asymmetry in the root system of Pinus peuce

Anchorage and asymmetry in the root system of Pinus peuce

Comparison of the root system architecture between windthrown and undamaged spruces growing in poorly drained sites

Initiation and Growth of Delamination in Wood and Wood-Based Composites, a Fracture Mechanics Approach

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