Failure mechanisms in flexible electronics

Zhao, Zhehui; Fu, Haoran; Tang, Ruitao; Zhang, Bocheng; Chen, Yunmin; Jiang, Jianqun

doi:10.1080/19475411.2023.2261775

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 348 publications

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“…20−24 In addition, due to the mechanical mismatch of DE and FEs, the electrode is prone to detach from the DE film. 25,26 These problems lead to reduced capacitance and premature failure. Therefore, improvement of the compatibility and compliance of the FEs with the DE matrix is highly required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And the addition of ceramic fillers can effectively enhance the permittivity, elongation at break (exceeding 600%), and mechanical fatigue life of PMVS, which makes it a commonly used DE matrix. However, the commonly used FEs for DEG, such as carbon grease (CG), carbon black (CB), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), can flow or slide on the DE substrates during cyclic stretching. − In addition, due to the mechanical mismatch of DE and FEs, the electrode is prone to detach from the DE film. , These problems lead to reduced capacitance and premature failure. Therefore, improvement of the compatibility and compliance of the FEs with the DE matrix is highly required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Largely Enhanced Service Life and Energy Harvesting Stability of Dielectric Elastomer Generator by Designing and Optimizing Compliance of Electrodes

Yao,

Zang,

Wang

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Dielectric elastomer generator (DEG), which consists of a dielectric elastomer (DE) film sandwiched between two flexible electrodes (FEs), has the advantages of lightweight, high energy density, and high energy conversion efficiency, providing a simple and feasible solution for harvesting energy from human motion or nature. As crucial constituents of DEG, FEs are expected to possess excellent conductivity and compliance. Nevertheless, there is currently no quantitative characterization method for FE compliance. In addition, the impact mechanism of FE compliance on the energy harvesting performance and fatigue life of the DEG remains unclear. In this study, the dynamic mechanical property (DMP) was used to assess the compliance of FEs, and the quantitative characterization method of FE compliance was proposed. A series of silicone rubber electrodes (SREs) with different DMPs and compliance were designed and prepared, and the impact mechanism of FE compliance on the energy harvesting stability and fatigue life of the DEG was investigated. The results indicate that the key to achieving excellent FE compliance lies in reducing the difference in the magnitude of the complex modulus and phase angle between the FEs and DE, which can significantly reduce interfacial friction and extend the fatigue life of DEG. Benefiting from the enhanced FE compliance, the fatigue life and full-life energy density of the DEG device increase by 20.3 times and 26.4 times, respectively, compared with those of the commonly used carbon-based electrodes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Largely Enhanced Service Life and Energy Harvesting Stability of Dielectric Elastomer Generator by Designing and Optimizing Compliance of Electrodes

Yao,

Zang,

Wang

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…[10] Also, field concentration damages may occur because of the deformation of these flexible materials. [16,17] The ACEL devices' high operating voltage and high frequency are the main obstacles to their use as wearable EL devices. It has previously been reported that, with an applied electric field higher than 5 V μm −1 and a frequency higher than 1 kHz, brightness with luminance above 100 cd m −2 can be achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 10 ] Also, field concentration damages may occur because of the deformation of these flexible materials. [ 16,17 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Field Concentration for Electroluminescent Devices

Vaicekauskaite,

Yang,

Dam‐Hansen

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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Field concentration is often regarded as a problematic issue in soft electronics applications, especially when using curved electrodes, and in particular, those with sharp edges. However, field concentration can be turned into an advantage with appropriate device design. Here, the applications of field concentration in hydrogel‐elastomer devices are explored. Three different types of electroluminescent hydrogel‐elastomer devices are made using different types of electrodes and different light patterns. In addition, the effect of the field concentration can be extended into the bulk of the elastomer by preparing porous silicone elastomers and filling them with silicone oil. These devices are shown to be flexible and possess both good luminance and a long lifetime.

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“…Based on a flexible piezoresistive sensor array, Long et al constructed an interactive control system for robotic arms . However, due to frequent bending during operation, flexible piezoresistive sensors often face the problem of failure . The most common form of failure mode in flexible sensors is that the flexible electrodes used for electrical interconnection crack or even break during the continuous bending process, , causing the sensor to be unable to output the sensing signal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multielectrode Layout for High Reliability of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor: One Stimulus Signal to Three Sensing Signals

Yi,

Wang,

Zhao

et al. 2024

ACS Sens.

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Flexible sensors have developed rapidly due to their great application potential in the intelligent era. However, the frequent bending work requirements pose a serious challenge to the mechanical reliability of flexible sensors. Herein, a strategy of using a new multielectrode layout to achieve multiple sensing signals based on one external signal is proposed for the first time to improve the reliability of flexible piezoresistive sensors. The multielectrode layout consists of a pair of interdigital electrodes and a bottom electrode. The interdigitated electrodes are used to sense the change in the surface resistance of the sensor, and the interdigital electrodes and the bottom electrode are used to sense the change in the bulk resistance of the sensor. As a result, without increasing the sensing unit area, the electrode layout allows the sensor to generate three response electrical signals when sensing an external pressure, thus improving the reliability of the sensor. Based on the electrode layout, a highly reliable flexible piezoresistive sensor with a multilevel porous structure is obtained by a microwave foaming method with a template. In the working state of sensing surface resistance, the sensor has a 22.12 kPa −1 sensitivity. Meanwhile, in the working state of sensing bulk resistance, the sensor shows a 55.17 kPa −1 sensitivity. Furthermore, the sensor is applied to monitor human pulse and speech signals, demonstrating its multisignal output characteristics and potential applications in flexible electronics. In conclusion, the new strategy of using the proposed electrode layout to improve the reliability of flexible sensors is expected to greatly promote the practical application of flexible electronics.

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Failure mechanisms in flexible electronics

Cited by 11 publications

References 348 publications

Largely Enhanced Service Life and Energy Harvesting Stability of Dielectric Elastomer Generator by Designing and Optimizing Compliance of Electrodes

Largely Enhanced Service Life and Energy Harvesting Stability of Dielectric Elastomer Generator by Designing and Optimizing Compliance of Electrodes

Use of Field Concentration for Electroluminescent Devices

A Multielectrode Layout for High Reliability of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor: One Stimulus Signal to Three Sensing Signals

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