“…Due to the convenience and efficiency of metro lines, increasingly more cities are planning and constructing new metro lines. Therefore, traversing of a new tunnel traverses around existing structures is becoming common, resulting in the formation of a structural system including tunnels, underground stations, building foundations, and so on (Chen et al, 2016; Guo, 2011; Huang et al, 2021; Li et al, 2022; Liang et al, 2016; Liu, Fang, et al, 2022; Marshall et al, 2010; Meng et al, 2022; Shi et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2018). However, considering the high density of population and architectures in the urban area, the effect arising from new tunnels on the existing structure needs to be controlled below a certain level; otherwise, there may be irreversible deformation and damage to the existing structure in the form of cracks and leakage.…”