Failure assessment of the hard chrome coated rotors in the downhole drilling motors

Ranjbar, Khalil; Sababi, Majid

doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.11.007

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Owing to their excellent resistance to both wear and corrosion, electroplated hard chrome coatings are one of the widely used surface treatments in the aerospace, automotive and shipping industries [1][2][3]. Nevertheless, with a growing awareness on environment protection and human health, researchers are looking for viable alternative to hard chrome coatings to avoid the hazardous Cr 6+ (a genotoxic carcinogen) in electrolytic baths [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of structural, mechanical and tribological properties of Ni–P/MWCNT coatings as a function of annealing temperature

Wang

Callisti

Miranda

et al. 2016

Surface and Coatings Technology

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The structural, mechanical and tribological properties of Ni-P/MWCNT coatings annealed at various temperatures (350-500°C) were investigated using XRD, SEM, nanoindentation and tribometer to determine the optimal annealing temperature for their enhanced tribological properties. The results showed that the annealed coatings comprised a hard Ni 3 P phase, and consequently presented a higher hardness (from 7.0±0.3 to 8.2±1.4 GPa) than the as-plated sample (6.0±0.9 GPa). With the annealing temperature increasing from 350 °C to 500 °C, the crystallinity of coating was enhanced with larger crystal grains of Ni and Ni 3 P, which led to a decline in hardness (from 8.2 to 7.0 GPa) due to the Hall-Petch effect. Owing to the lubrication effect of H 3 PO 4 arising from the tribochemical reaction of Ni 3 P with ambient environment, the annealed samples exhibited lower friction coefficients (0.71~0.86) compared to the as-plated coating (0.87). A combination of low surface roughness and the reduction of oxides on wear track contributed to the lowest friction coefficient of Ni-P/MWCNT annealed at 400 °C. However, the decomposition of amorphous carbon in MWCNT over 380 °C produced less dense coatings (for annealing temperatures 400-500 °C), and their incompact structure led to a higher wear rate (2.9-3.0×10-5 mm 3 /Nm) compared to the as-plated sample (2.4×10-5 mm 3 /Nm).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of structural, mechanical and tribological properties of Ni–P/MWCNT coatings as a function of annealing temperature

Wang

Callisti

Miranda

et al. 2016

Surface and Coatings Technology

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“…The chromium plating layer was physically combined with the substrate material, in which the binding force was weak [20]. Additionally, the surface of the chromium plating layer had many microcracks due to the electroplating process [21]. The piston rod was an accessory piece to the artillery, and the working medium was No.…”

Section: Micro-hardness and Wear Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Failure Analysis of a Chromium Plating Layer on a Piston Rod Surface and the Study of Ni-Based Composite Coating with Nb Addition by Laser Cladding

Wang

Zhang

Shen

et al. 2022

Metals

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The failure of a chromium plating layer on the surface of a piston rod was analyzed, and an Ni-based alloy mixed with a niobium (Nb) composite coating was investigated by means of stereomicroscopy, metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vickers hardness testing, and wear testing. The results show that penetrating cracks were present in the chromium layer. Subsequently, the corrosion intensified, resulting in the bubbling, cracking, and peeling of the chromium layer. The cladding layer presented a structure morphology of planar crystalline at the bottom, dendritic at the middle, and equiaxial crystalline at the top. The solidification parameters, which were derived from simulation results, confirmed that the ratios between temperature gradient (G) and solidification speed (S) decreased, and the values of the cooling speeds increased from the bottom to the top of the cladding layer. With an increase in Nb content, the structure became gradually refined and uniformly dense. The cladding layer of the Ni-based alloy mixed with Nb was mainly composed of γ-Ni, Cr23C6, Cr7C3, NbC, and Ni3Nb. NbC could be formed in situ and presented itself in four forms: particles, dendrites, polyhedrals, and networks. The microhardness of the coating with 15% added Nb was enhanced to 400 HV0.2, and the wear resistance thereof was 11.14 times higher than the substrate. After the 15% Nb coating had aged for 16 h, the diffraction peak intensities of Cr23C6 and Cr7C3 significantly increased, and the volume fraction of granular NbC increased from 1.67% to 2.54%. The microhardness was enhanced to 580 HV0.2, and the wear resistance thereof was better than that of the chromium plating layer.

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“…By choosing proper aging treatment, a combination of desirable properties such as hardness, strength, and toughness could be achieved in the alloy [2]. This steel is widely used in industrial applications such as steam turbine blades, amine pump shafts in natural gas refineries, and downhole drilling rotors owing to its high corrosion resistance [3][4][5]. Similar to the aging treatment, fusion welding can also influence the microstructure, mechanical and physical properties, and corrosion resistance of the alloy [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen induced cracking and stress corrosion cracking behavior of the weld metals in 17‐4 precipitation hardening stainless steel after double over aging treatment

Adelian

Ranjbar

Shoushtari

2022

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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This research studied the effect of two‐stage over aging treatment on corrosion behavior of the weld metals in the 17‐4 precipitation hardening stainless steel. Gas tungsten arc welding was performed under solution annealed condition. After the welding, weld metal was subjected to double over aging treatments. Hydrogen induced cracking and stress corrosion cracking standard tests were carried out on weld metals before and after ageing treatment. Charpy impact test and microhardness test were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of weld metals. Microstructural examinations of the welding zones were performed by the optical microscope and field emission scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the as‐weld lath and coarse martensite were transferred to severely tempered martensite after over aging treatment with the formation of reversed austenite. In the latter case, the reversed austenite was about 30 % compared to 7 % before over aging treatment. The over aged weld metals were significantly more resistant to hydrogen induced cracking, and exhibited a longer time‐to‐failure in stress corrosion cracking test. The weld metal in the as‐weld condition in hydrogen induced cracking test showed severe cracking and failed rapidly in the stress corrosion cracking test.

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Failure assessment of the hard chrome coated rotors in the downhole drilling motors

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

Evolution of structural, mechanical and tribological properties of Ni–P/MWCNT coatings as a function of annealing temperature

Evolution of structural, mechanical and tribological properties of Ni–P/MWCNT coatings as a function of annealing temperature

Failure Analysis of a Chromium Plating Layer on a Piston Rod Surface and the Study of Ni-Based Composite Coating with Nb Addition by Laser Cladding

Hydrogen induced cracking and stress corrosion cracking behavior of the weld metals in 17‐4 precipitation hardening stainless steel after double over aging treatment

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