Failed promises: governance regimes and conflict transformation related to Jatropha cultivation in Ethiopia

Abstract

Conflict over natural resources is a widespread phenomenon in the global south. Trends in consumption, demographics, environmental degradation, and socio-political dynamics are exerting significant pressure on the availability and accessibility of natural resources. In many countries, the governance of land for commercial agricultural investment leads to conflict. Such conflicts are complex, and the drivers extend beyond resource scarcity to issues of access and competition. This paper is based on the results of field research on investments in large-scale Jatropha plantations for biofuel production in Ethiopia. A case study of a large-scale Jatropha plantation in eastern-central Ethiopia is used to reconstruct the history of a short-lived, large-scale biofuel development in Ethiopia, and to examine the processes and the reasons for its failure. Between 2006 and 2009, more than 400,000 ha of land were acquired for industrial biofuel development. Given the country's dependence on imported fossil fuels and the global rush for alternative energy sources, the Ethiopian government, not surprisingly, gave emphasis to investment in biofuel development, mainly through Jatropha plantation. However, after costly experimentation, the "miracle crop" did not deliver what had been promised. Instead, it dispossessed and displaced thousands of marginalized local smallholder agropastoralists, created conflict over water and land resources, and kept thousands of hectares of land out of production. In the end, the rhetoric of "Jatropha revolution" and promises of local and national development were never materialized; the government's ambitious biofuel strategy also failed to achieve its objectives. The main argument of this paper is that the failure of large-scale biofuel companies to fulfill their ambitious promises in Ethiopia is part of the general failure in the governance of large-scale commercial agriculture and misleading views toward, and unrealistic promises of, Jatropha investments. These negatively affected the livelihood of the local agropastoralists and their interactions with the companies, which caused instabilities and conflicts in the area. It is hoped that the findings of this research will contribute to knowledge production and policies on the governance of large-scale commercial agriculture.

Contextual analysis of the biofuel sector in Ethiopia: a comprehensive review focusing on sustainability

“…The strategy identified about 23 million ha of land for biodiesel production by private‐sector and state actors. The target was to produce 1.6 × 10 9 L of biodiesel by 2015 with the introduction of a 5% biodiesel blending mandate 24,25 . However, an inadequate supply of feedstock – in this case, jatropha seeds – was one of the reasons for the lack of success.…”

“…This could be due to the use of excess water resources and possible water pollution during the process. The processes also affect biodiversity across the areas surrounding the water bodies and in the ecosystems located in the vicinity of sugarcane plantations 24,25 . Currently most sugar factories in the country deposit chemical effluents into waterways without adequate control and treatment, resulting in soil pollution.…”

“…Several plantation owners, including Emami Biotech, were involved in jatropha cultivation in the Miesso district (Bordede). However, there were difficulties and concerns among the farmers of the region, who were chiefly involved in livestock herding and cereal crop cultivation (maize and sorghum) 25 . It was also reported that forest land clearing by S&P Energy Solutions in the Benshangul‐Gumuz region affected forest honey production by the local community.…”

“…Jatropha projects are established on marginal land for this purpose. The Biofuel Development Coordination Directorate has planted 24 million jatropha trees for living fences and land rehabilitation on 6643 ha of land, since 2007 22,25 …”

Transformability as a Wicked Problem: A Cautionary Tale?

“…This drives self-interested collaboration, and win-lose strategies permeate all interactions among stakeholders [131,132]. From this perspective, [133] pointed out that competition and conflict over natural resources are not always caused by resource scarcity per se but can be caused by the "greed of power-holders" or the failure of government regimes [133,134].…”