Faecal shedding of canine parvovirus after modified-live vaccination in healthy adult dogs

Freisl, Monika; Speck, Stephanie; Truyen, Uwe; Reese, Sven; Proksch, Anna-Lena; Hartmann, Katrin

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.011

Cited by 43 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, quantification data were not provided by the commercial laboratory for these two cases. CPV vaccine viral loads in recently vaccinated dogs are 4-to 5-fold lower than those of dogs infected with field strains [24]. Similarly, a recent report found several recently vaccinated cats had low FPV viral loads (<1.38 × 10 2 copies/mg of faeces) over a 28-day period of surveillance [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The sensitivity of faecal antigen tests for the detection of parvoviruses is influenced by viral load in faeces, as well as by the presence of gut antibodies that can sequestrate viral particles and prevent binding to the test antibody [30]. CPV vaccine viral loads in recently vaccinated dogs are usually below the limit of detection of antigen tests, ranging from 1.48 × 10 0 to 2.5 × 10 4 copies/mg of faeces in one study [24] and from ≈10 0 to 7.50 × 10 5 copies/mg of faeces in another [31]. The lower limit of detection of faecal antigen tests for CPV in dogs is 10 5 to 10 6 viral DNA copies per mg of faeces [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Distinct Lineages of Feline Parvovirus Associated with Epizootic Outbreaks in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates

Brussel

Carrai

Lin

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Feline panleukopenia (FPL), a frequently fatal disease of cats, is caused by feline parvovirus (FPV) or canine parvovirus (CPV). We investigated simultaneous outbreaks of FPL between 2014 and 2018 in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where FPL outbreaks had not been reported for several decades. Case data from 989 cats and clinical samples from additional 113 cats were obtained to determine the cause of the outbreaks and epidemiological factors involved. Most cats with FPL were shelter-housed, 9 to 10 weeks old at diagnosis, unvaccinated, had not completed a primary vaccination series or had received vaccinations noncompliant with current guidelines. Analysis of parvoviral VP2 sequence data confirmed that all FPL cases were caused by FPV and not CPV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each of these outbreaks was caused by a distinct FPV, with two virus lineages present in eastern Australia and virus movement between different geographical locations. Viruses from the UAE outbreak formed a lineage of unknown origin. FPV vaccine virus was detected in the New Zealand cases, highlighting the difficulty of distinguishing the co-incidental shedding of vaccine virus in vaccinated cats. Inadequate vaccination coverage in shelter-housed cats was a common factor in all outbreaks, likely precipitating the multiple re-emergence of infection events.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Distinct Lineages of Feline Parvovirus Associated with Epizootic Outbreaks in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates

Brussel

Carrai

Lin

et al. 2019

Viruses

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“…Although this phenomenon has not been demonstrated previously, the potential for this event and the route of transmission has been reported by previous studies. Two studies demonstrated that 23% of dogs immunized against CPV using a modified live-virus vaccine shed virus DNA in their feces during at least 20 days (60,61). A third experimental study demonstrated that following contact with vaccinated dogs, unvaccinated dogs became seropositive without showing signs of disease (62).…”

Section: Viral Populations In Dogs and Vaccine Sheddingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnivore Parvovirus Ecology in the Serengeti Ecosystem: Vaccine Strains Circulating and New Host Species Identified

Calatayud¹,

Esperón

Cleaveland

et al. 2019

J Virol

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Carnivore parvoviruses infect wild and domestic carnivores, and crossspecies transmission is believed to occur. However, viral dynamics are not well understood, nor are the consequences for wild carnivore populations of the introduction of new strains into wild ecosystems. To clarify the ecology of these viruses in a multihost system such as the Serengeti ecosystem and identify potential threats for wildlife conservation, we analyzed, through real-time PCR, 152 samples belonging to 14 wild carnivore species and 62 samples from healthy domestic dogs. We detected parvovirus DNA in several wildlife tissues. Of the wild carnivore and domestic dog samples tested, 13% and 43%, respectively, were positive for carnivore parvovirus infection, but little evidence of transmission between the wild and domestic carnivores was detected. Instead, we describe two different epidemiological scenarios with separate routes of transmission: first, an endemic feline parvovirus (FPV) route of transmission maintained by wild carnivores inside the Serengeti National Park (SNP) and, second, a canine parvovirus (CPV) route of transmission among domestic dogs living around the periphery of the SNP. Twelve FPV sequences were characterized; new host-virus associations involving wild dogs, jackals, and hyenas were discovered; and our results suggest that mutations in the fragment of the vp2 gene were not required for infection of different carnivore species. In domestic dogs, 6 sequences belonged to the CPV-2a strain, while 11 belonged to the CPV-2 vaccinederived strain. This is the first description of a vaccine-derived parvovirus strain being transmitted naturally. IMPORTANCE Carnivore parvoviruses are widespread among wild and domestic carnivores, which are vulnerable to severe disease under certain circumstances. This study furthers the understanding of carnivore parvovirus epidemiology, suggesting that feline parvoviruses are endemic in wild carnivores in the Serengeti National Park (SNP), with new host species identified, and that canine parvoviruses are present in the dog population living around the SNP. Little evidence of transmission of canine parvoviruses into wild carnivore species was found; however, the detection of vaccine-derived virus (described here for the first time to be circulating naturally in domestic dogs) highlights the importance of performing epidemiological research in the region.

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“…The availability of PCR and immunochromatography tests has made detection of CPV infection easier for clinicians. However, given that 80 % of infections may be subclinical, mild or transient (Parrish et al, 1982;Pollock, 1981;Prittie, 2004;Sos, 1983), this also increases the risk of a misdiagnosis of CPV disease where etiology may involve pathogens other than CPV (Freisl et al, 2017;Kelman et al, 2019). For the despite-treatment euthanasia rate, the correlations were still significant although not as strong.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia

Kelman

Barrs

Norris

et al. 2020

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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A B S T R A C TInfection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (> 40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50-110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) -the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (r SP = -0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (r SP = -0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (r SP = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.

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Faecal shedding of canine parvovirus after modified-live vaccination in healthy adult dogs

Cited by 43 publications

References 18 publications

Distinct Lineages of Feline Parvovirus Associated with Epizootic Outbreaks in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates

Distinct Lineages of Feline Parvovirus Associated with Epizootic Outbreaks in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates

Carnivore Parvovirus Ecology in the Serengeti Ecosystem: Vaccine Strains Circulating and New Host Species Identified

Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia

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