Faecal calprotectin indicates intestinal inflammation in COVID-19

Effenberger, Maria; Grabherr, Felix; Mayr, Lisa; Schwaerzler, Julian; Nairz, Manfred; Seifert, Markus; Hilbe, Richard; Seiwald, Stefanie; Scholl‐Buergi, Sabine; Fritsche, Gernot; Bellmann‐Weiler, Rosa; Weiß, Günter; Müller, Thomas; Adolph, Timon E.; Tilg, Herbert

doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321388

Cited by 265 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was also detected in the feces in ∼50% of patients with COVID-19. Moreover, there is evidence of intestinal inflammation in these patients (40). These findings recall the model of gut-driven inflammation in PD pathogenesis.…”

Section: The Neuroinvasive Potential Of Sars-cov-2supporting

confidence: 69%

The Potential Role of SARS-COV-2 in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease

Chaná-Cuevas

Salles-Gándara²,

Rojas-Fernández

et al. 2020

Front. Neurol.

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Considering their current burden and epidemiological projections, nowadays Parkinson's disease and the COVID-19 pandemic are two key health problems. There is evidence of the pathogenic role of neurotropic viruses in neurodegenerative diseases and coronaviruses are neurotropic, with some of them selectively targeting the basal ganglia. Moreover, some authors demonstrated the longevity of these viruses in the affected cells of the nervous system for long periods. Coronavirus was detected in brain autopsies and SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from the CSF of affected patients. The marked inflammatory response in some particular patients with COVID-19 with a consequent increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines is considered a prognostic factor. Immunologic changes are observed in patients with Parkinson's disease, possibly having a role in its pathogenesis. A dynamic pro-inflammatory state accompanies α-synuclein accumulation and the development and progression of neurodegeneration. Also, some viral infectious diseases might have a role as triggers, generating a cross autoimmune reaction against α-synuclein. In the past Coronaviruses have been related to Parkinson's disease, however, until now the causal role of these viruses is unknown. In this paper, our focus is to assess the potential relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease.

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Section: The Neuroinvasive Potential Of Sars-cov-2supporting

confidence: 69%

The Potential Role of SARS-COV-2 in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease

Chaná-Cuevas

Salles-Gándara²,

Rojas-Fernández

et al. 2020

Front. Neurol.

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“…patients. 47 These findings may highlight the connection between gastrointestinal manifestation of COVID-19 and faecal shedding. Therefore, more attention should be paid to hygiene and disinfection regarding the presence of viral RNA in faecal specimens and anal swabs.…”

Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 87%

COVID‐19: Focus on the lungs but do not forget the gastrointestinal tract

Smyk

Janik

Portincasa

et al. 2020

Eur J Clin Investigation

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 was declared in the last weeks as global pandemic. Currently affecting more than 5 000 000 individuals worldwide, COVID‐19 is most commonly associated with symptoms caused by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As the number of infected individuals increases, we are learning that not only lungs, but also other organs can be affected by the virus. The gastrointestinal symptoms, for example diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea or abdominal pain, are frequent in patients with COVID‐19. Moreover, alimentary tract symptoms may precede the respiratory presentation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This can lead to delayed diagnosis and inappropriate management of infected patients. In addition, SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid can be detected in faeces of infected patients and rectal swabs are even reported to remain positive for a longer period of time than nasopharyngeal swabs. Here, we aim to provide an update on the gastrointestinal involvement of COVID‐19 presenting the symptoms that can be encountered in infected patients. We address the role of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as a functional receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2, which also was found in the gastrointestinal tract. Finally, we briefly discuss faecal shedding of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

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“…COVID-19 is regarded as a respiratory disease that manifests with fever, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, and loss of taste and smell. Other symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting [ 1 , 2 ]. Many patients with the COVID-19 are asymptomatic but are able to transmit the virus to others [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure of the Membrane Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Resembles the Sugar Transporter SemiSWEET

Thomas

2020

PAI

123

113

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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the disease COVID-19 that has decimated the health and economy of our planet. The virus causes the disease not only in people but also in companion and wild animals. People with diabetes are at risk of the disease. As yet we do not know why the virus has been highly successful in causing the pandemic within 3 months of its first report. The structural proteins of SARS include membrane glycoprotein (M), envelope protein (E), nucleocapsid protein (N), and the spike protein (S). Methods: The structure and function of the most abundant structural protein of SARS-CoV-2, the membrane (M) glycoprotein, is not fully understood. Using in silico analyses we determined the structure and potential function of the M protein. Results: The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 is 98.6% similar to the M protein of bat SARS-CoV, maintains 98.2% homology with pangolin SARS-CoV, and has 90% homology with the M protein of SARS-CoV; whereas, the similarity is only 38% with the M protein of MERS-CoV. In silico analyses showed that the M protein of SARS-CoV-2 has a triple helix bundle, forms a single 3-transmembrane domain, and is homologous to the prokaryotic sugar transport protein SemiSWEET. SemiSWEETs are related to the PQ-loop family whose members function as cargo receptors in vesicle transport, mediate movement of basic amino acids across lysosomal membranes, and are also involved in phospholipase flippase function. Conclusions: The advantage and role of the M protein having a sugar transporter-like structure is not clearly understood. The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with S, E, and N protein. The S protein of the virus is glycosylated. It could be hypothesized that the sugar transporter-like structure of the M protein influences glycosylation of the S protein. Endocytosis is critical for the internalization and maturation of RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Sucrose is involved in endosome and lysosome maturation and may also induce autophagy, pathways that help in the entry of the virus. Overall, it could be hypothesized that the SemiSWEET sugar transporter-like structure of the M protein may be involved in multiple functions that may aid in the rapid proliferation, replication, and immune evasion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Biological experiments would validate the presence and function of the SemiSWEET sugar transporter.

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Faecal calprotectin indicates intestinal inflammation in COVID-19

Cited by 265 publications

References 10 publications

The Potential Role of SARS-COV-2 in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease

The Potential Role of SARS-COV-2 in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease

COVID‐19: Focus on the lungs but do not forget the gastrointestinal tract

The Structure of the Membrane Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Resembles the Sugar Transporter SemiSWEET

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