Faecal bacterial and short-chain fatty acids signature in hypercholesterolemia

Granado-Serrano, Ana Belén; Martín-Gari, Meritxell; Sánchez, Virginia; Solans, Marissa Riart; Berdún, Rebeca; Ludwig, Iziar A.; Rubió, Laura; Vilaprinyó, Ester; Portero‐Otín, Manuel; Serrano, José C. E.

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38874-3

Cited by 136 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…5 contain species that produce short chain fatty acid (SCFA). The SCFAs are involved in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium and have been associated with obesity and its comorbidities, alongside with improvements in intestinal inflammation [46][47][48][49][50]. Indeed, we found correlations-both negative and positive-between significantly changed genera and the chosen parameters, and we observed similar correlation patterns for the following taxa; (Akkermansia, Blautia and Erysipelatoclostridium, or Ruminiclostridium and Ruminiclostridium-6).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Diet change affects intestinal microbiota restoration and improves vertical sleeve gastrectomy outcome in diet-induced obese rats

et al. 2020

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Purpose Obesity, a worldwide health problem, is linked to an abnormal gut microbiota and is currently most effectively treated by bariatric surgery. Our aim was to characterize the microbiota of high-fat fed Sprague-Dawley rats when subjected to bariatric surgery (i.e., vertical sleeve gastrectomy) and posterior refeeding with either a high-fat or control diet. We hypothesized that bariatric surgery followed by the control diet was more effective in reverting the microbiota modifications caused by the high-fat diet when compared to either of the two factors alone. Methods Using next-generation sequencing of ribosomal RNA amplicons, we analyzed and compared the composition of the cecal microbiota after vertical sleeve gastrectomy with control groups representing non-operated rats, control fed, high-fat fed, and post-operative diet-switched animals. Rats were fed either a high-fat or control low-fat diet and were separated into three comparison groups after eight weeks comprising no surgery, sham surgery, and vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Half of the rats were then moved from the HFD to the control diet. Using next-generation sequencing of ribosomal RNA amplicons, we analyzed the composition of the cecal microbiota of rats allocated to the vertical sleeve gastrectomy group and compared it to that of the non-surgical, control fed, high-fat fed, and post-operative diet-switched groups. Additionally, we correlated different biological parameters with the genera exhibiting the highest variation in abundance between the groups. Results The high-fat diet was the strongest driver of altered taxonomic composition, relative microbial abundance, and diversity in the cecum. These effects were partially reversed in the diet-switched cohort, especially when combined with sleeve gastrectomy, resulting in increased diversity and shifting relative abundances. Several highly-affected genera were correlated with obesity-related parameters. Conclusions The dysbiotic state caused by high-fat diet was improved by the change to the lower fat, higher fiber control diet. Bariatric surgery contributed significantly and additively to the diet in restoring microbiome diversity and complexity. These results highlight the importance of dietary intervention following bariatric surgery for improved restoration of cecal diversity, as neither surgery nor change of diet alone had the same effects as when combined. KeywordsBariatric surgery · High-fat diet · Rat models · Microbiota Abbreviations SCD Standard chow diet HFD High-fat diet D Diet induced obesity BS Bariatric surgery VSG Vertical sleeve gastrectomy NS No surgery * Klas I. Udekwu

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Diet change affects intestinal microbiota restoration and improves vertical sleeve gastrectomy outcome in diet-induced obese rats

et al. 2020

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“…Several taxa were also higher in FVB/NJ mice. Anaeroplasma sp., which potentially has anti-in ammatory function by inducing the anti-in ammatory cytokine TGF-β, has also been associated with existing in lower relative abundance in hypercholesterolemia subjects leading to an unfavorable lipid pro le [79]. The order RF32 has been correlated with damaged histopathology and colonic in ammation in mice with colitis [80].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Physiological Functions of the Host Xenobiotic-sensing Nuclear Receptors PXR and CAR on the Gut Microbiome using Genetically Modified Mice

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Dutta

et al. 2020

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Background: Pharmacological activation of the host xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is well-known to increase drug metabolism and reduce inflammation. Little is known regarding the physiological functions of PXR and CAR on the gut microbiome, which is an important regulator for the host immune surveillance and bile acid (BA) metabolism. We examined the gut microbiome composition and BA metabolites in high vs. low PXR/CAR-expressing mice, and in mice that are deficient in PXR, CAR, or both, at two developmental ages. We also utilized humanized PXR transgenic (hPXR-TG) mice to compare the species-specific effect of PXR on the gut microbiome. Results: We discovered bivalent hormetic functions of PXR and CAR in modulating the richness of the gut microbiome and inflammatory biomarkers: the high PXR/CAR expressers had higher microbial richness, pro-inflammatory bacteria (distinct taxa in Helicobacteraceae and Helicobacter), and fecal pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting higher immune surveillance to prevent the colonization of harmful bacteria. Interestingly, the absence of PXR or CAR also increased the microbial richness, and absence of both receptors synergistically increased the microbial richness. PXR and CAR deficiency increased the pro-inflammatory bacteria (Helicobacteraceae and Helicobacter). Most notably, deficiency in both PXR and CAR markedly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, which is capable of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. This corresponded to a decrease in major primary taurine-conjugated bile acids (BAs) in feces, which may lead to higher internal burden of taurine and unconjugated BAs, both of which are linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity. hPXR-TG mice had a distinct microbial profile as compared to wild-type mice, including a higher representation of Prevotella. hPXR-TG mice also had higher 12-OH BAs but lower 6-OH BAs, suggesting PXR’s species-specific role in modulating host hepatic BA synthesis. Conclusions: This study is the first to show that the host PXR and CAR profoundly influence the composition of the gut microbiome and its BA metabolites, with a bivalent hormetic relationship between PXR/CAR levels and microbial richness, unveiling the involvement of PXR/CAR-microbiome interactions in host immune surveillance and BA metabolism.

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“…The most abundant SCFAs are acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which together represent nearly 90-95% of the SCFA present in the colon [49]. Acetate is a net product of carbohydrate fermentation of most anaerobic bacteria, while propionic and butyric acid are generated from carbohydrate or protein fermentation by a distinct subset of bacteria [50,51].…”

Section: Relationship Between Microbiota and Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gut Microbiota and Its Implication in the Development of Atherosclerosis and Related Cardiovascular Diseases

et al. 2020

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The importance of gut microbiota in health and disease is being highlighted by numerous research groups worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of heart disease and stroke, is responsible for about 50% of all cardiovascular deaths. Recently, gut dysbiosis has been identified as a remarkable factor to be considered in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this review, we briefly discuss how external factors such as dietary and physical activity habits influence host-microbiota and atherogenesis, the potential mechanisms of the influence of gut microbiota in host blood pressure and the alterations in the prevalence of those bacterial genera affecting vascular tone and the development of hypertension. We will also be examining the microbiota as a therapeutic target in the prevention of CVDs and the beneficial mechanisms of probiotic administration related to cardiovascular risks. All these new insights might lead to novel analysis and CVD therapeutics based on the microbiota.

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Faecal bacterial and short-chain fatty acids signature in hypercholesterolemia

Cited by 136 publications

References 55 publications

Diet change affects intestinal microbiota restoration and improves vertical sleeve gastrectomy outcome in diet-induced obese rats

Diet change affects intestinal microbiota restoration and improves vertical sleeve gastrectomy outcome in diet-induced obese rats

Understanding the Physiological Functions of the Host Xenobiotic-sensing Nuclear Receptors PXR and CAR on the Gut Microbiome using Genetically Modified Mice

The Gut Microbiota and Its Implication in the Development of Atherosclerosis and Related Cardiovascular Diseases

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