“…Gender was considered to be a surface cause, which had little or no actual consequence on the criterion variable of publication rates. It appears that other factors at the social institutional level, such as organizational and administrative resources that support research and publication, may be more salient than gender as explanatory variables for the differences in scholarly productivity in social work and the social sciences (Astin, 1978;Thyer & Bentley, 1986;Kohlenberg, 1992;Bloom & Klein, 1995;Creamer, 1995;Ligon, Thyer, & Dixon, 1995;Kolpin & Singell, 1996). This suggests that variations in scholarly productivity rates may be directly affected by social structural forces in a given higher education context.…”